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https://archive.org/details/selectorationsof0Olysirich 


SELECT ORATIONS 


OF 


LYS IAS. 


ff Bee 
HM GCE Mieg 7 
EDITED BY VY ha 


JAMES MORRIS WHITON, Pu.D., 


AUTHOR OF “ FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK,’’- ETC. 





BURT ON: 
GINN BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 
1875. 


CopyricuT, 1875. 


By GINN BROTHERS. 


UNIVERSITY Press: WeEtcH, BicEtow, & Co., 
CAMBRIDGE. 


|! 


PREFACE, 


SS 


THAT the writings of Lysias have hitherto been so little 
used by American students must be due rather to the lack of 
American editions, — though of German editions there is no 
lack. Certainly it is not attributable to any inferiority, either 
in merit of style or in interest of subject, in those specimens 
of his numerous orations which have come down to us. Such 
was his ancient fame, that nearly twice as many orations as he 
actually composed were ascribed to him. The large number 
of two hundred and thirty orations was accepted by the an- 
cient critics as genuinely his, of which there are now extant 
only thirty-four, not all either complete or indisputably genu- 
ine, and a stil. larger number of fragments. 

As a representative of the purest Attic style, Lysias has no 
superior. Among the ancients he was regarded as a model 
of that quality called icyvérys, or tenuitas, —for which see 
Biographical Introduction. He was also highly esteemed for 
a certain gracefulness of expression, which was regarded as a 
characteristic peculiarly his. At the same time, he showed 
no lack of energy, as Cicero observes: “In Lysia seepe sunt 
etiam lacerti sic ut fieri nihil possit valentius.” (Brutus, 16, 
64.) In general, his style may be further characterized as 
clear, sufficient and precise; always natural and appropriate ; 


ven Preface. 


at once simple and dignified ; not devoid of rhetorical oma- 
ment, and yet carefully subordinating it to the orator’s prac- 
tical purpose. ‘The tradition that only two of all the orations 
which he composed for others were unsuccessful, whether ex- 
aggerated or not, marks the height of the fame which he 
attained among the orators of Athens, and harmonizes with 
the exalted praise which Cicero himself bestows: “Tum fuit 
Lysias, ipse qudem i causis forensibus non versatus, sed 
egregie subtilis scriptor atque elegans, quem jam probe audeas 
oratorem perfectum dicere.” (Brutus, 9, 35.) 

The orations comprised in this edition were all composed 
within the ten years subsequent to the expulsion of the Thirty 
Tyrants from Athens, B. c. 403. While they all bear the 
marks of their times, the oration against Eratosthenes, in 
particular, abounds in references to that painfully interesting 
portion of the history of Athens, which exhibits her imperial 
democracy, exhausted, despoiled, and bleeding, in its humili- 
ating decline and pitiable overthrow. A special interest at- 
taches to this oration, also, from its being the only one of all 
the extant number which Lysias delivered himself, — the 
others having been composed for his clients to deliver from 
memory in pleading their own cases before various tribunals. 

For a sketch of Lysias’s life and professional work, see the 
Biographical Introduction. 

The text of this edition is substantially that of Dr. R. Rau- 
chenstein’s sixth edition, Berlin, 1872. Where any variation 
occurs, suitable reference is made in the Notes. A table of 
various readings has been added. In the preparation of the 
Notes free use has been made of the notes of Rauchenstein, 
and, to some extent, of the notes of Frohberger, in his first 
and third volumes, Leipsic, 1866 and 1871. ‘For a large 
part of the annotations, however, the present editor is alone 


Preface. Vv 


responsible. Geographical, historical, and archeological points 
have been treated, it is hoped, comprehensively enough to meet 
the necessities of those students who are not supplied with the 
more costly works for reference, and yet not so minutely as to 
make such further reference undesirable. For the benefit of 
those who, in an earlier part of their course, have used Good- 
win’s Greek Reader, occasional references are made to that 
book, as containing extracts from Xenophon’s /edlenica cov- 
ering the same part of Athenian history as the Oration against 
Eratosthenes. Grammatical references have been made to 
Goodwin’s Greek Grammar, third edition (G.), Hadley’s 
(larger) Greek Grammar (H.), and to Goodwin’s Greek 
Moods and Tenses, sixth edition, revised (G@.), the last named 
of which is by no means to be supposed unnecessary to the 
possessor of either or both of the other two. As to other ref- 
erences, some citations have been made from Buttmann’s Unz- 
versity Grammar, Harper’s Ed., also from Grote’s Hzstory of 
Greece, Harper’s Ed., 12 vols., and from Curtius’s History of 
Greece, Scribner’s Ed., 5 vols. | 

The editors grateful acknowledgments are due to his 
friends, Dr. Lewis R. Packard, Professor of Greek at Yale, 
and Mr. John Williams White, Tutor in Greek at Harvard, 
for their valuable suggestions in the undertaking and execu- 
tion of the work. 


Lyny, September, 1875. 


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Min ox > 14 
—~ a: oa Seer 


CONTENTS. 





Tur DEFENCE OF MANTITHEUS . . é ° ° Py ° 1 
THE ORATION AGAINST ERATOSTHENES . : : ° ° 8 


Repry. To ‘‘ THE OVERTHROW OF THE DEMOCRACY” . e ae 


AREOPAGITIC ORATION CONCERNING THE SACRED OLIVE TRUNK 41 
BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION : . - A ‘ - au SE 
NorTES e e e s es e s s ° ° * 59 


TABLE OF VARIOUS READINGS e - “ - ; “ . 149 


INDEX oF TOPICS % ~ - ° ° e ° - * 151 











UNIVERSITY 





XVI. oe ee 
MANTIOEQI AOKIMAZOMENQ(OI 


‘ ‘ Ss / a , / 
EI Ln cvvndev, @ BovrAn, ToLs KaTnyopo.s Bovdome- 
3 ~ , a 3 ‘ “~ ‘\ KA 
vols €K TAaVTOS TpOTTOU KAKWS EME TOLELY, TTOAANY av 
f , 3 # A / e ” 
autots Nap €ixyov TaUvTNS THS KaTHYOpias* xyoupat 
a 2a7 , , a , 
yap Tots adicws SiaBeBAnpuevois TovToUs eivat peyi- 
> - 2 , ef x‘ > x > , 
oTWV ayabav aiTious, OlTLVES AVY auTous avayxalwow 
bane a ? op , A 2S 
eis EXeyyov Tov autos BeBiwuevwv KatacrTHvat, ey@ 2 
\ ed ‘4 3 a 7 4 > > / \ 
yap ouTw oodpa euavT@ mictevw, wot EeATIC® Kal 
, / > a Xx a , 
el TIS Tpos we TUyXaver andes [%) Kaxas] SiaKeipevos, 
3 be > ca / > z \ a / 
ETELOGY ELOU AEYOVTOS aKOUCN EPL TWY TETpAYLEVWD, 
, > A X x , 3 A ‘ 
HETAMEATCELY AUT Kat TOV PEATLO ME ELS TOV AOLTTOV 
, Ch oF ’ A L- > , aN \ A 
Xpovev nynoecOa. akiw Se, @ Rovdrr, éav pev TovTO 3 
/ Cc oa > / e yy es A , 
Hovov vutv atrodetEw, ws evvoUS Elm TOLS KkabeotnKoct 
?, ‘ e vA Aa > A , 
TPAayuMacl Kal WS nvayKac wat T@V AUT@V KLVOSUVOV LE- 
/ Ce / , , > 28 ‘ , 
TEXELW Up, wNdEY Tw LoL TAEOV Eivars eav Oe dai- 
‘ X\ X y. , a X A 
YWUUL Kal TENE Ta AAAM peETPLWS BEeRiwKwS Kab TrodU 
1 


ATZIOL 


\ ‘ a / SS \ x , SY a 
Tapa Tv Sofav Kal Tapa Tovs RAoyous Tous Tov 
3 an , ¢.in comers ~F , s N 
eyOpav, Seowar vuav ewe pev Soximaferv, tovtovs b¢ 
Cin / 5 n ee) / € ? 
nyevcOat yelpous eivat. mpwTov dé uTodeiEW ws ovy 
e/ aed ? , 3.28 a , IQr 
immevov [ovr exednpour| emt TOv TpLaxovta, ovdé 

/ aA Zz. / 

HETETYOV THS TOTE TWOXLTELAS. 
€ a ‘ e SS ~ a 3 ¢ , 

Hyas yap o watnp mpo THs ev E)dAnorovtw cup- 

A Cd , ‘ 3 Lal / a ‘ 
gdopas ws Satupov tov ev t@ Ilovtw siartnaopevovs 
3 / ‘ Sf r . if 3 , 
efeveure, Kal ovTe TaV TELY@Y KaGatpovLevwY ETed7,- 

7 / A / > >? +» 
povv ovte peOiotapevns THS ToALTELAaS, GAN NHAPomev 
N \ es A > Ny a fe , 
mplv Tous amo @uans ets tov Ilerpava KxatedOetv T po- 
/ b) ¢ / / + pay 3 248 5 9 
Tepov wevO réepars. KaLTOL OUTE Mas ELKOS HY Els 

A XS >) / 3 la , an 
TolouUToY Kalipov adiypmevovs emTLOvpew peTexev TOV 
3 if 7 ae 3 wn , rd 
UdroTpLwY KLVOUV@V, OUT ExELVOL halvovTal ToLaUTHY 

4 yY 7 a a“ ? A X 
yVOUNVY EXOVTES WATE Kal TOLS aTOONnMOVTL KaL pN- 
x 3 , , A / > BS 
dev efapwaptavovat petadioovat THS TWoduTELas, adAd 
=eee 3 , Q XN / ‘ A 
PadXov nriualoy Kal Tous GuyKaTadvaoavtas Tov dnov. 
” ‘\ >) ‘\ A / ‘ ¢€ , 

Eveita 6¢ €« fev TOU aavidlov Tous L@TEVOAVTAS TKO- 
Ue) + , 3 3 cA x x x a e 
mew evnOes ecTiv* Ev TOUT@ Yup TOAXOL MEV TOV OMO- 
/ e 7 > yy a4 be a > 
Aoyouvtw@y. LTMEVvELY OVK EVELTLW, EVvLOL O€ TMV UaTOOn- 

/, b , >] / 3 r 3° 3 ‘ 5) 4 
HOUVTMY EYYEYPAULLEVOL ELLY. EKELVOS O EoTLY EhEYXOS 
, b N \ , 3 / ‘ 
peyiotos* eredn yap KatndOete, erndicacbe tous 

, > nr XN e 4 e/ ‘ 
hurapyous uTrEeveyKely TovsS LTTEVTAaVTAS, lva TAS KaTa- 

, 5) , ) yore aN , ICS 
oTuces avatpaente Tap avT@v. E“e TOLWUY oOvOdELS 
‘\ > ‘ 7? b] / e.en a / 
av amrodeEevev ovt atrevexOevta uvTo Tav dvdrapyov 
+ ‘ a , x , 
ovre tmapadobevta Tois auvdixois [ovTe KatTactacw 

/ / A e7/ a “ oA 
cataBarovta|. Kaitot Tact padiov TovTO yvavat, O74 
2 6 9 “ , > x ? / N 
avaykatov nv Tos dudapyous, eb wn atroderEecay Tous 


»¥ ‘ > - A lA 
ExovTasS Tas KATAOTUGELS, QAUTOLS EnurovoBat. wate 


TIIEP MANTIOEOY. 


ae , ? , an , A ? 
MoAv ay OLKaLOTEpOY EKELVOLS TOLS ypupmaclv 1 TOUTOLS 
Z ? \ Ss , CA 3 3 
WUSTEVOLTE* EK PEV Yap ToVTwY padioy Hy e€adeL- 
A A / > >] / \ \ ¢t 7 
POnvat To Rovropevm, ev Exeivors O€ ToUs LTTEVCAV- 
? rn co) ers 6 , 5) A 
Tas avayxatov nv vio Twav durupyov areveyOnvat. 
y , 93 / 5) es > \ > »” 
Eze d¢, ® Bovdn, eitep irmevaa, ove av nv e€apvos 
e / / >] > / bd ‘ ¢ 
@s OElvoy TL TETOLNKWS, aAX HELovY, auTodetEas ws 
> \ €.\3 3 A rad a a / / 
ovdeis UT €E“OU TMV TOALT@Y KaKads TeETOVOE, SoKLUA- 
6 e a Se \ e A Ae A Is / 
Cecat. opm 0€ Kal vMas TaUTN TH Yvon YpwpEvous, 
\ \ \ A } e , 4 
Kal ToAXous ev TOY TOTE LTTEVTUVTwWY PoUXEVOYTAS, 
‘ > >a! \ Cae , 
ToAXous 6 auTav OTpaTnyous Kal LTMTUpYous KEYELPO- 
f e/ S Ii» ¢ rn 7 
Tovnmevous. Wate pndev OL aro pe HyELcOe TavTHY 
~ 
ral Xx > / s\ c/ a 3 / 7 
ToutaOat thy aToNoylav, 7 OTL Tepipavws ETOALNOAY 
7 > ? / X\ 4 
pov KataryevoacGar. AvuByO. S€ moe Kat paptv- 


pncov. 


MAPTYPIA. 


N N , en a Hf 5) Ba? of A 
Ilept ev towvv avtns THs attias ove 010 6 TL Set 


, 7 a / ) , 3 \ a 
TAELM EeyELV® Soxet € pot, @ BovdrAn, ev pev Tos 
Bd > r X > a , a / 
adds aywot TEPL AUTOV MoVwY TOV KaTHYyopNMEVOV 

, b A > x A / / 
TpognKew utroroyeia Gar, ev Oe tais Soxtpaciais Sixatov 
9 ‘ A / , , / a 
eivat TravTos Tov Biov Aoyov Sidovar, Séouat ovv vuav 

> > / > 7, / , ‘ x b] 
HET €uvolas axpoucadOat pov. Tonjoouar Sé THY aTro- 

, e A ra \ 

Aoyiav ws av duvwpar Sia Bpayutdrov. 
> ‘ ‘ al > / > 
Eyo yap mp@tov pev ovcias pot ov ToAAHS KaTa- 
/ \ x ‘ X ‘ A ‘ ‘ 
AetPGerons Sia tas suudopas Kai tas Tov TAaTpos Kat 
x A A , , . 5) ‘ 9g / ? ‘ 
TaS TNS Torews, Suvo pwev aderdas e&edwxa, emidous 

, ~ e , ‘ ‘ b) ‘ > 14 

TplakovTa pvas ExaTépa, Tpos Tov adeAdov 5 ovTAS 


3 , (4 b 25 A , e a ¥ > a 
EVELMUUNVY WOT EXELVOU TAEOV OMorOYELY EVELY EpoU 


9 


10 


Ir 


12 


33 


ATZIOLT 


A / \ “ as + ef ec 
TOY TATPWWY, KaL TpOS TOUS aAdOUS aTaYTAaS OVTw@ 
/ ed / / x ‘ cd \ 
BeBioxa wote pndeTMTOTE por pwNndée Tpos Eva pnoev 
y” , N ‘ i, ey Pd , 
eycAnua yeveoOar. Kal Ta pev L0ta ovTw@ diaKnKa* 
‘ * A a / e A / 
mept S€ TOV KOLVaY ol peyLoTOY T'yoUmaL TEKUNpPLOV 
> , = orn 5) , / a , N 
clvat THS EuAS ETLELKELAS, OTL TOY VEWTEPWY OOOL TEPL 
4 x\ / AY CE 37 7 5) / , 
KuBous 4) TWoTous i) ETEPAS TOLa’TAaS axOAaGLas TVYXa- 
‘ \ 7 / ? \ y¥ / 
vovot Tas SiaTpiBas Tovovpevol, TavTas auTous ovedUE 
; ¥ N A l <3 mn 
pot Siaghopovs ovtas, Kat WrELGTA TOVTOUS TEpL EMO 
A ON / / A ld 
Aoyorrosovvtas Kal revdouevous. Kaitot SHdov OTL, & 
a 3 a 3 A > x\ / a cy 
TOV avT@y eTEeOupoOvLEV, OVK AY TOLAUTHVY YYwO"GY elyor 
XN 3 A ¥ > Ss , 2 \ xX > r Be 
epi euov. ett 0, w Bovdn, ovdeis Gv amrodetEar Teps 
3 nr 4 Sf / 2 “ yy ‘N " y+ 
éuov Suvaito ovre Sixnyv alioypay ovre ypadyy ovte 
5 / , / (Jad rae 
Evcayyedlav YyeyevnmEevnv*® KalToL ETEpoUS OpaTE TOA- 
, ) / 9 er , x Fick 
AuKis Els TOLOVTOUS aya@vas KaleaTNnKOTAaS. TWpos TOL- 
\ / X ‘\ 4 ~! \ x 
yuv Tas oTpaTelas Kal ToUS KLVdUVOUS TOUS TpOsS TOUS 
/ / a 3 Ny , A , 
ToNeulous oxelyacGe olov ewavTov Tapexw TH TOAEL. 
= \ , / N , 3 , N 
Tp@Tov pmev yap, OTe THY TUupaxLav eToLncacOe Tpos 
XN \ \ 5) ¢ / By a Cay 
[ rovs | Bowtovs xai ets “AXtaptov edet Bonfetv, vo 
3 7 / ¢€ 7 3 N , 
Op@oBovrov Katetheypevos LTmreEvely, ETELON TavTas 
ee a N e , > , 5 5 A 
Ewpwv TOS pEev iTTEevovol aapudeiav eEtvat [ Secv | 
/ r 5 e / / § . ‘4 e / 
vouitovtas, Tols O omAlTals KivOUVOV TYoUpmEVOUS, ETE- 
>] 7 3 -.* \ vA $) , ‘ 
pov avaBavtwv emt Tous immous adoKyacTaY Tapa 
aS , 3 ‘\ \ yx a 3 /. 3 
TOV vowov eyw mpocehOwv ehyv TO Op@oBovrw efa- 
A , ) A , e f > ~ > 
Nera me EK TOU KAaTAXOYOU, NYovpEvos aLaxpoV ElvaL 
a , / a + 3 a 
TOU WANGovs peAROVTOS KIVOUVEVELY AdELAY E“AaUT@ Ta- 
, , ! Ey: 5) / 
pacKkevacavts otpateverOar. Kai uot avaBnOt, Opo- 
Bounxe. 
MAPTYPIA. 


TIEP MANTIOEOY., 


/ / a a ‘ A 5] 
SvrAreyevtwv toivvy tav Snuotay mpo 7Hs €Eodov, 
InN BS a MEY / N ‘ 4 \ 
€LOWS aUT@Y EVioUS TOALTAS MEY YpNaTOVS OVTAS KaL 
7 3 / \ > a“ i e¢ ‘ ‘\ 
mpoOupous, epodiwy dé arropouvtas, eimov OTL xpN TOUS 
? ad TELE 
éyovtas Tapéyev Ta emiTHdeLa Tols aTTopws SuaKxerpe- 
. > , al 4 al »y 
vous. Kat ov povoy TovTo auveBoudevoy ToOLG adrXaLS, 
cal > lal 7 AQ 
ara Kat avTos ebwka Svoiv avdpoiv Tpiaxovta Spayywas 
¢ / > ¢e ‘ 4 3 > e/ , 
EXATEPM, OVX WS TOAAG KEKTNMLEVOS, QAX wa Twapa- 
A f + , / bd / 
Sevya TovTo Tols adAous yevntat. Kaz woe avaByre, 
/ 
[ udptupes. | 
MAPTYPES. 


\ A , & , > , 6 / 
Mera tavra toiwvy, @ Bovrn, ets KopiwOov e&odou 
/ ‘\ , , A , “6 
yevouevns Kat Tavtwy mpoeidoTwy Ott Senger Kuvduvev- 
e 4 > 4 ? ‘ / e A 
ev, éTépwy avadvopevwv eyo Sverpatdunv wate THs 
, 4 / ad / \ 
TpwoTns TeTayuEevos maxecOat Tols ToEpios* Kal pd- 
A e f. A , X / 
ALoTa THS NweTEepas HvAs dvaTUYnoUTNS, Kal TAELCTOV 
b] , > L4 A A A 
atoBavovtwy, VaTEposS avEeYwpNTA TOV GEeuvoU Dreipias 
a * >’ , / > , ‘ 3 
Tov mac avOpwros Seidiav wvedikoTos, Kat ov ToA- 
A e / e/ X a > / / 
Rais Nuépars VoTepoy peta Tavta ev Kopiv0w ywpiov 
>] nr , 4 ‘ ‘ 
lTYUPWY KATELANMMEVOWY, @oTE TOUS TokE“ious wn Suva- 
, > t > > ‘N / > 
o0at tpoctevat, Aynoidaov 6 es THY Bowtiav euPa- 
/, 4 aA bd , > , / 
AovTos, Whdicapevwv TOY apYovTwY aToxwpicaL TakeLs 
e , 4 e ? >] , > 
aitives BonOnoovar, poBovpevwy atavtwy (ElKoTws, w 
. 4 3 8 “ ‘ 3 > A Or fh , 
Bovrn* Sewvov yap Hv ayaTnTas okvy@ TpoTEepoyv TEecw- 
4 S92) of / Ss \ tsk ‘ 
apeévous ep Erepov Kivduvov ievar) mpocedOwv eyw Tov 
, HZ ? ‘ » ¢ / / / 
TaEiapYov EKeNeVOY aKANPwTL THY HmeTEepay Takw TEL- 
4 > y a b) / a \ XN 
Tew. oT Eb TIVES Ua opyifovTar Tols Ta pmeED 


A /. > A , 3 x A , 
THs Tokews akwovo. mpattew, ex Se TOY KivdvVwY 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


aPaLOT 


> , > x / X 3 A x , 
aTodibpuckovew, ove av SiKaiws epi E“ov THY Yyvw- 
/ + > \ / ~ , 
env TauvTnv €yolev* ov yap povoyvy Ta TpoTTAaTTOMEVA 
3 / , 3 ‘ ‘ 4 are Ad ‘ 
emolouv TpoOupyws, aAAa Kal KLVOUVEVELY ETOALM@V. Kat 
a 3 3 / ae e > \ 2 4 95 
TAUT €TOLOUY OVY WS oV OELVOY nyoupevos eivar Aaxe- 
, , > ay aC/, + Ia/ >) , 
Salmoveols payer Oat, UAN (va, €b TOTE AOLKWS ELS KLV- 
/ \ A / Cg :9i ae a / 
Suvov Kabiotaiuny, dia tavta BedXtiov vd vue vopito- 
¢ , a / / / 
pevos atuvtTwvy tev SiKatwv Tuyxavou. Kat poe 


avaBnte TovTwy paptupes. 
MAPTYPES. 


rn / ox a \ > A 
Tov towvy adrdkov otpatedv Kai Ppoupav ovdemias 
> / , ? N , N , 
avehechOnv Twrore, adda Tauvta tov ypovoy S.aTe- 
/ ‘ a , Q ‘ ae ,, 
TENEKA META TOY TPWTwWY pEeV Tas EEOOOUS ToLovpEVOS, 
\ A / XN > wn / ‘\ \ 
HETA TOV TEXEUTALWY OE avaYwWPaY. KaALTOL YPN TOUS 
4 \ / / 3 fn / 
PiAOTLULWS KAL KOTLLWS TTOALTEVOMEVOUS EK TWY TOLOUTMWY 
a > >? ? 4 a x A a“ \ 
oKOTrELY, AXN OVUK El TLS KOLA, Ova TOUTO pice? Ta 
pS ‘ ra) ? / + be ] rd ¥ 
fev yap ToLlavTa ETLTNOEULATA OUTE TOUS LOLWTAS OUTE 
‘ Q A / , >] x al / 
TO Kowov THS Toews Brune, ex SE TaV KLVOvVEVELY 
5) U ‘ x / e/ ¢ rn ? 
EOeXovTw@v Tpos Tous TodE“lovs aTravTes VEILS wWHeE- 
a , > 7 > ee ang > , 3 
Neto, wate ovx akiov ar orrews, @ Bovdn, ovte 
a x a Ia/ ? 2 2 A ¥ bea 
idrewy ovTEe ploEety ovdEeva, AAX EK TMV Epywv cKoTrELW* 
\ ‘ s x , = / ? 
Toot pev yap puxpov Svadeyoevor Kal KOTMLIWS ap- 
, /. a 4 , e/ S 
TEXOMEVOL MEYANWY KAKWY ALTLOL YEYyoVaTLY, ETEPSL dé 
a / > “ x ? > ¢20A bf] 
TWVY TOLOUTMY apEeNouVYTES TOAG kayada vuas eloLV 
>) , 
elpyao LEvol. 
¥ / b) , 9 , iN X a 
Hén 5€ twov nobounv, @ Bovrn, Kat dia tTavta 
2 , i , KR ? , , > 
ayOouevmy pol, OTL VEewTEPOS WY ETEXELPNTA EyELY EV 


“~ § , ate 8< CS ‘ a > , 6 v ume 
TO OnU@ eyo O€ TO MEV TPwTOVY HYayKacUn p 


TIEP MANTIOEOY. 


A ’ A , A Ba / 
T@V E“avTOU TpaypuTwV Snunyopyaal, ETELTA pEVTOL 
GER r a , A A / 
Kat EuavT@ Sox@ dirotimotepov SvareOnvat Tov Seovtos, 
/ XN a , b , d/ Ia / 
aua “ev TOV Tpoyovwy evOvuovpevos, OTL OUOEY TETTAU)- 
‘\ A / / - ‘\ ¢ A re 
Tat Ta THS Tokews TWpuTTovTEs, aya Se vas opav 
\ Q b] A Fi 4 ‘ 4 / 
(ra yap adn?n xpn rEvyetv ) TOUS TOLOUTOUS povOUS 
3 / J > f e al ¢ A / ‘ 
akious vouifovtas cival, WOTE Op@v vas TavTnY THY 
y y+ / > 3x\ 3 , 7 \ 4 
yvounv exovtas Tis ove av eTrapGein TpatTeW Kal Ve- 
¢ x A Z aS ‘ em e / 
yeu uTEep THS TokEwWS; ETL OE TL AY TOLS TOLOUTOLS 
yy > a ce A > aA / ’ 
ayGourGe; ov yap €Tepol TEept avTMY KpiTaL «LOL, 


adr vets. 


21 


8 ATSIOT 


XII. 
KATA EPATOSOENOYS 


TOT TENOMENOT TON TPIAKONTA, ON 
ATTO> EINE ATRIA‘. 


+ / a S > »+ 
Ork apEacOat mot Soxet atropov eivat, @ avdpes 
/ A / 2 ‘ tA / 
OlKacTal, THS KaTnyoplas, adda travoacbat AEyouTs * 
a 3 fe A tA Q A \ A 
TOLAUTA avUTOLS TO peyebos Kat Tooavta To TAnOoS 
y¥ ec Mere) XK , , ec 
ELpyacTal, WOTE MTT av wrevdopevov Seiwvotepa Tav 
¢ , a , 2) ry fa) , 
UTapYovTwY KaTHYyopHaal, pnte TadrnOyn Rovdopevoy 
? rn vd , 5) SAR Lie. xy XS , 
eljTew atavtTa sdvvac@at, arr avaykn ) Tov Kat? 
9 A ‘\ X , 3 lal 5 / 
2 yopoy amem@e 7 TOV Xpovov eTUALTEW. TOUVaYTLOV 
, A / ys A ‘ a , 
de por Soxovpev metcecOar 7 Ev TH TPO TOV Ypove. 
Q X a+ ‘ y+ a ~~ 
7 poTepov pev yap ede. THY EXPpay Tovs KaTNYyOpoUVYTAS 
3 a ce yy “ ‘ ‘ S Se ‘ 
emidevEat, Tis En TMpos Tous Pevyovtas* vue Oe Tapa 
a , AN lA ed 9 > a“ ‘ 
Tov pevyovTwy xpy muvOaverOar nTis NV avTois Tpos 
\ x ) > o a ue, 5) 
THY ToAwW eyOpa, avO dtov tolavTa eToAMnoAY Els 
res ry l ’ , e ’ ¥ 3 aw 
auTny eFapapTavely. OU MEVTOL WS OUK EYWV OLKELAS 
¥ \ A \ , wn > > ¢ 
exOpas kat ouudopas Tous oyous Tolovpal, AAN ws 
/ a ? / ¥ ‘ a Ia/ Ress 
dmact TovrAns abOovias ovens vTEep TAY iiwY 7) UTEP 
n / > / Tee . 3 > » 
3 ToV Snuoclwy opyiverOa. eyo ev ovV, @ avdpes 
, yy 3 ’ “~ I e Sf >] / , 
OukaoTai, ovT E“avTOU TwroTe ovTE aAXOTPLA TpaA- 
, A / a wa / 
yuata mpakas vuv nvayKacual uTO TOV ryeryevnmevov 
/ a ad , b \ 9 , 
TOUVTOUV KATNYOPEW, WOTE TOAAUKLS ELS TOAAHY aOvpLaV 


, N N \ p) / p) , eS ’ 
KatéoTny, pn Sia THY aTreipiay avakiws Kat advvaTas 


KATA EPATOSOENOTS. 


t . A > an ‘\ , An ‘\ / / 
UTEP TOV AdEAoU Kat E“aUTOU THY KaTHYOpLav ToLNCO- 
oe \ : , ray. b) ? - xX pi 
frat Gums o€ TeLpugouat vuas €& apyys WS av OVVw- 
2 F / , 
par Ov edaytotwy SiduEas. 
‘ / > / ’ € . Ss / 
Ovipos tatnp Kedandos eretcOn wev vio Ilepixdeovs 
5) , \ A ? / x \ / oy] 
els TaUTHY THY YynVv adixEedBat, ETH d€ TPlLaKOVTA @KNGCE, 
‘ ? \ , BA e ce 4 > ca & yy 
KQL OVOEVL TTWITOTE OUTE 7fLELS OUTE EKELVOS CLKNV OUTE 
? , 54 ? , > > icf ? aA 
édixacdpeba ovte edvyouev, ANN OUTMS wKOvMEV ONLO- 
/ vA / 5) \ 7 ? , 
KpaTOUPEVOL WaTE fNTE Els TOUS GAAOUS «EapapTaveLy 
/; i A v7 >) r > ‘ > ¢ , 
pnte UTO Tav aAdwv adiketcOat. eEmetdn OS Ob TpLa- 
‘ ‘ ‘ / by >] ~ 
KOVTG@ Tovnpot [ wev | Kat ouxopaviat ovTes els THV 
> ‘ / , A a > / 
apynv KatecTncav, ducKovtes YpHvar TOV AdLKwV Kala- 
s Aa ‘ / \ ‘ XN / ; Sa. 
pav Tolncat THY TOALY Kat TOUS AOLTOUS TONLTAS ET 
> ‘ \ / / A / 
apeTnV Kal OtKatocvyny TpaTecOal, ToLtavTa RevyovTEs 
? A al > / ¢ 5) ‘ ‘\ la > a 
OV TOLAUTA TOLELY ETOALLMV, WS EYW TEDL THY E“aUTOU 
r ) ‘ \ \ al ¢ / >] A , 
TPWTOV ELTWY KAL TEPL T@V VULETEPWY AVaLVNTAaL TELDG- 
, N nN f ” > a if 
gouat. Oeoyvis yap cat Ilevcwv edeyov ev tows TpLa- 
X\ = / c 4 7 A / 
KOVTG TEpL TWVY [METOLKWV, WS ELEY TLVES TH TTOALTELA 
5) , / 3 > r cr 
aydouevol* KadXdcTHY ovV éEival TpohaciVY Tlbwp_EL- 
6 x 8 “ A as ¥ / 6 : 7 
oat pev OoKEew, TO Epy® xXpnuatiecGar: TavTws 
\ ‘ ‘ , 4, \ ; ‘ \ A 
Se THY pev ToAwW TevecOat, THY apyny dé SetcOae ypn- 
, X \ 2 / ? - 54 
HuT@V. KaL TOUS akovovTas ov yareTTas eEefov" 
3 / ‘ a > , ‘\ > < e ~ 
aTOKTWYUVaL ev Yap avOpwrrous TEpt OVdEVOS NYOUVTO, 
? x , ‘ & 9 al y+ 
AapwBuvew Se XPNMATA Tept ToAXoU ErrotovvTo.  edokev 
5 ae , n ] \ , , ¢/ 
ovv avtois dexa auAdafPetv, Tovtwy Sé dvo TeEvytas, twa 
? a 2 Ss ‘ 4 > / e ? , 
aUTOLs 7) TPOS Tous AdAOUS aToAOYLa, WS OV KPHnLAaT@V 
ad a / > ‘ , a / 
EVEKAG TAVTA TETTPAKTAL, a\AGa ou PEepovta ™) TONTELG 
/ wa A ¥ I 8 
yeyevntat, womTep TL TOV AArAWY EVAOYwWS TETOLN- 


xotes. StaraBavtes Se Tas oixias EBadilov: Kat eye 


10 ATZIOL 


pce) 


II 


I2 


13 


‘ / e a / ‘\ b] / 
pev Eevovs eoti@vtTa KatedaBov, ovs e£eXacavTes Tei- 
/ / € ‘ By >] x 
owoVvi me Tapadiooaciv* ot d€ aXXoL Els TO épyact7- 
/ x > / > / 
piov édOovtes Ta avdparoda ameypadovto. eyo 8é 
/ N 9’ , Pl] 7. , A , 
Ilevcwva pev npwrwv et BovrorTo pe awoat ypnuata 
, e > poy b) N 7 
AaBov: o 8 edacxev, Eb ToANG Ein. EiroVv ovV ETL 
, ’ / / 4 A ¢ 3 Anet / 
TANAVTOV apyuplov ETOLWOS ELnV dovvat* 0 8 wporo- 
A , 9 4 ‘ cy 
ynoe TavTa TolncEV. TLoTAaUNY pev oUV OTL oUTE 
é X yy? b] 3) , / vA arn) a ie 
eous ovt avOpwrous vouier, ouws 6 Ex THY Tapor- 
Ia/ ? 4 5 , 5 
TWY EOOKEL MOL avayKaLoTaTOV Eivat TioTLWW Tap avTOD 
a“ b>) XN x y > / ¢ a a 
AaBewv. emerdn Se wpooey e€wrELayv EavTm Kat Tots 
\ > ‘f x ~ / / , 
Tatci eTapwmevos, AaBwy TO TadXaVTOV ME TwoELD, 
5 x , NN 4 ‘ \ > / 
enceAOav es TO Owpatiov THY KiBwTOY avoliyvupe* 
f > ’ ‘ 3 / SO ee ‘ a ah 
Tleicwv 8° aicOopevos etoepyetat, Kal Woy Ta Evovta 
- “ € a , ‘ ‘ 3 a a r 
Karel TOV UTNPETOV Ovo, Kal Ta EV TH KiBore@ rAaBew 
Oe if, ? \ \ b) d eae / 3 5 oS 
EKEAEVTEV. ETTEL OE OUY OTOV WpLOAOYNTO ELYEY, W av- 
, > ‘ / 4 3 ? oN 
dpes Sexactat, adda Tpia TaXavTa apyuplov Kat TeTpPA= 
J \ x * N 8 X a t 
Kogious KUCLKNVOUS Kal ExaTOV OapEeiKoUS Kal diadas 
3 nA , 2, , 3 A 2 4 4 a 
apyupas TeTTapas, eSeounv avTov edodia poi Sovvat, 
e > ’ , 4 >) “ a , J a 
08 ayarncew pe eharKer, 6 TO TOua caow. ct0v- 
5 oN X ? ) , , ’ N 
ot 8 épot kat Tleiowvs emetvyyaves Mnrdofsos ze Kar 
f 3 A ? / 3 / \ 
Monorbeidns ex Tov Eepyactnplov amiovtTes, Kat KaTa- 
f \ > r rf ; S > re 
AauBavover mpos avtais tats Ovpats, Kat EepwTwaww 
7 / ¢ > + ? b] A nA ? a 
dot Badifomev’ 6 8 ehacKkev evs TadeAHod TOV EOL, 
7 \ \ 3 ? / a ee 4 , >] fe ‘ 
iva Kal Ta EV ExElVN TH OLKIG oKEYNTAaL. EKELVOY [MED 
> 2:9 / a) SS \ ? ¢ ao > es 
ovv exerevov Baditew, ewe dé weO avta@v axorovlev 
? , / N ~ y a 
eis Aapvirmov. Tleicwv S5€ tpocedOav ‘ovyay fot 
, N ‘al e / ? a 
Tapexereveto Kat Oappetv, ws nEwv exeice, KaTadap- 


, , / 
Bavopev S€ avtoO. O€oyvw etepovs pudattovTa’ © 


KATA EPATOSOENOTY. 11 


/ bam | ; ¥ > / x a 
TapasovTes Ee TAALY wWYOVTO. EV TOLOVT@ O OVTL poL 
, a7 e a ? a ¢ / 
KLVOUVEVELY EOOKEL, WS TOU ye aToBave_y UTapyYorTOS 

4 / \ ; / \ + % , 
non. Karecas b¢ Aauvirmov Aeyw Tpos avtov Tade, 
Cts , , / + e/ S ? x ‘ 
ETLTNOELOS MEV [LOL TUYYXAVELS WY, NKW els THY anv 
3 > al > In/7 / Iu ES. ? / 
oikiav, adin@ 8 ovdev, Ypnuatwv O° évexa aTvroddvmaL. 
\ 9. A / / , / x 
gu ovv TavTa TacxovTL wot TpOOvuov Tapacyou THY 
a , > X 2058 / ” e + ae cay 
ceavTov Suvauiv els THY EwnVY owTNpiay. Oo 8 UTE 
“ , Io/ ’ ee , > 
GXETO Ta’Ta Tornoe. EdoKes. 6 avT@ PedTLov Eivat 
XN / a £ a ‘ e/ / 
mpos Qcoyvw pvncOnvars yyeito yap atav Toincew 
x & 7 > 7 / > / a\ , 
aUTOV, €b Tis apyvpLov Sid0in. exelvou Oe Siadeyomevou 
, x \ X iM: a 7 7 \ 
Ocoyvids (Eutretpos yap @v EeTUYXAaVOY THs OLKLaS, Kal 
ee e ’ 4?) yf 250 4 A @ 
noe OTL audiOupos ein) edoKes pot TavTn TeipacCar 
, én ? 6 , A >\ \ x26, An 
cwOnvat, evOvpoupevm ott, eav pev AaGw, cwlncouat, 
> ta \ - e / / > / 4 
eav O€ ANPIG, Hyovpnv pev, e Oeoyvis ein TeTrel- 
/ eo EN = / / r Jat 
Guevos vTo Tov Aapuvinmov xypnuata daPelv, ovdev 
e > / ] \ é e / > cal 
nttov adeOncecOar, et Se pn, ouolws ato0aveicbar. 
tavta diavonbeis ebevyov, exeivwv ETL TH avrELw OV 
noes yov, € ETL TH avrei@ Ovpa 
x ‘ / a \ a >? cal ral 
Thy dvAaKknyv Troloumevwmv* Tpi@v de Oupav ovaar, as 
a4 al ed 3 , oA > 4, 
ede pe SvehOeiv, daca avewypevar ETvyov. adiKo- 
\ ’ > / A / b] re / 
pevos Oe eis Apyevew TOU vavKANpoUV ExElvov TEUTO 
>] ¥ / \ A > A 
ELS GCTU, TEVTOMEVOY TEPL TOU adeAXdov* ijKwv be EdE- 
; e/ > / 2.” > a 7 A ‘ ’ 
yev ott EpatocGevns avtov & 7H 68@ AaBav eis TO 
/ > 4 ws DN A , 
Secuwtnpiov atayayo. Kat ey@® TOLAUTAa TETUGLEVOS 
a > / ‘ , , / 
™7s emlovons vuKtos duetAevca Méyapade, IToXe- 
f 8: , ¢ , Sel Pe) ea 
HapXY@ O€ TapnyyeiXay ol TplaKOVTa TO UT EKELVOV 
? / Vi , , Wee N > 
elGicpevov trapayyeXua, tive Kovelov, Tpiv THY al- 
/ > a 3 , v : A , 
Tiav evmew Ot Hvtia euerrev arobaveicbar: ovT@ 


A“ > / ~ , \ 
TOMNOU Eedence KpiOjval Kai atrodoyncacOar. Kal 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


12 


19 


20 


21 


ATSIOL 


> ~ bd / ? A 5 / , a 
ETELON ATEPEPETO EX TOU OETpLwWTNPLOV teOvews, TpLOV 
(eee > a ? a Ie >? A ” b - 
NpLLY OLKLWY OVO WY [«é] ovdemlas eLacav eEeveyOjvat, 
> \ / / + > / ‘\ 
ara kKrEvoiov pic@woapevot Tpovdevto auTov. Kat 
lal + ¢ / >) A Ia >» 5 x 
TOAXKG@VY OVTWV LLaTLWY aLTOvoLY ovdEV EdocaY Els THV 
/ > \ a /. ¢ SS e Ud ec \ , 
tadynv, acha tov diiwv o ev tmatiov o be TpocKedpa- 
e ev e/ y+ y > ~ > , 
Aatov o Os O TL ExaaTOS ETUXEV EOMKEV ELS THV EKELVOU 
G i 4 SS e / > / a ¢ 
Tapnv. Kal EYOVTES MEV ETTAKOTLAS aOTLOAS TOV 1)[KL6- 
/ 4 be > / ‘\ / a 
TEPWV, EXOVTES OE APYUPLOVY Kal YpUdLOV TOGOUTOY, Yar- 
X X ‘ / oy, ‘ ¢ / “~ 
kov O€ Kal KOGMOV Kal ETITAa Kal luaTLa yvVatKELa 
a ? , 7 / x ? A ” 
Goa ovoeTwTOTE @oVTO KTNTAaTOal, Kal avdpaToba El- 
\ f / e \ ‘ / oA \ N 
KOOL Kal €xaTov, wv Ta pev BerziaTa edXaBov, Ta 6é 
A b>] X , b] / 3 / b) 
AowTA Els TO ONfOcLoY aTEdoTAaV, ELS TOTA’THY aTAn- 
/ AN ’ / > / ~ A / A 
oTiayv Kal ao pokepoetav aplkovTo Kal TOU TpoTTOU TOV 
¢ A 3 / > / A \ / 
avTav amodekww emoujcavto’ 7s yap Tlo\epapyou 
\ A ¢. A \ BA > / 
yuvatkos “pvaous EALKTIPAS, ovs €XovTa ETLYyaveV, 
\ a 5 3 » Di, / > a 
éte To Tpwtov nOev evs THY oixcav MnroPu0s, ex tev 
4 ? / \ IQ \ De a4 / A 
@twv e&eiheTO. Kab OVOE KATA TO EXAYLOTOY MELOS THs 
>] iL >] / 3 *) A 3 i 3 >? ce > 
ovolas edkeou Tap auTwY eTUyYavopEV. ArAXN OUTS ELS 
erika N \ , ’ / e/ 29? KN oxi 
nas Sia TA YpNpaTa eEnuwapTavoyv, WaTEP ovo av €éTe= 
/ In / 3 N oS > / 3¢/ 
pol MEYAA@Y AOLKNLATwWY OpYTVY EXOVTES, OV TOUTWY aki- 
oS a / > \ / Q , 
ous Ye OVvTas 7) TOAEL, ALAG Tagas Tas KopHylas Kopy- 
, N > > iN 3 / i] 
ynoavTas, TOAAAS 5 e:ahopas eceveyKovt7as, KocuLous 
a > \ / N a ‘ / 
8° iuas avtovs Tapexovtas Kal Tav TO TpodtatTo- 
4 3 op! > Ia/ / \ 
pevov Totovvtas, €xPpov 6 ovdeva KEexTNMEVOUS, TOAOUS 
a / ? ce / ls U 
6 A@nvaiwy ex T@V TOAELL@Y AVTAapLEVOUS TOLOVT@Y 
»¢/ > ¢ / a ee > Aaa 
NELWOAY OVY OMOLWS [LETOLKOUYTAS WaTTED aUTOL ETOXL- 
, @ Q ~ \ ‘\ a a , % 
TEVOVTO. OUTOL Yap TOAAOUS MEV TWY TOALTWY ELS TOUS 


SS > Ins ? / 
moXeutovs efnAacav, TONAOUS O adiKwWS aTrOKTELVAYTES 


KATA EPATOSOENOTS. 


> eae A ? / \ = 3 , yx af 
atahous emoinoav, ToAXOUS EMTLTLMLOUS OVTAS ATLLOUS 
A i / ra ‘ / 
[77s Toews | KaTeaTHCAY, TOANWY de Ouyatepas ped- 
N > , \ > a / ’ 
Xovaeas exdidocGar exwrvaav. Kai eis tocovtov eiot 
, ? / 4 Re ? / \ 
Toduns aguypevos WoO Nxovaw atrohoynaopevor, Kat 
/ e Ia’ . Ia? ) ‘ >] v4 
Acyouow ws ovdey KaKOV ov alaypov EeLlpyacpevot 
> 3 , \ > \ > A 4 
€lolv. eyo 5° €Bovrdounv av avtovs adnOn Aeyew: 
A \ X\ ‘ > ¥ 65 >? a] A > >) f 
weTHY yap av Kat Eu“or TouToV TayaloU ovK EhuyLaToV 
, a ‘ yy ‘ & / > r a 
wepos. vuv de ovte wpos THY TWoAW avTois ToLavTA 
e / A ‘ ? / ‘ 10 ‘\ / oA 
UTapPXEL OUTE TPOS Ewe’ TOV a edgov yap pou, WaTrep 
A , 3 b] / ? / a ee 
Kal mporepov eitov, Epatoa@evys amrextewver, OUTE aVTOS 
Ia/ ? 7 a4 b) XN / e nw 3 / 
Lola aduKovpEvOS oUTE Els THY ToALY Opwv efayaptu- 
2 iMNa TH EaUTOU la wpoOvpws eEvirnpe- 
VOVTA, UXAG TH EaVTOV Tapavouia TpolvLwS np 
A ? iy ? a 7 ae, 5 
tov, avabi8acduevos 5 avtov Bovropar epecGat, w 
yn / 7 ‘ E aS Fog x 
avopes Oixactai, TolavTny yap yvwunv eyo" ETL pev 
to , ’ / ‘ ~ ed ‘ /, / 
TH TovTov w@pedela Kat Tpos ETepov Tept TovTov dvade- 
c a 
> ‘ 9 / 3 x ‘ A 7 / 
yeoOat aceBes eivar vomit, ewe d€ 7 Tovtov BraBn 
\ ‘ D0 % A e/ \ >] / 3 , > 
Kal Tpos auTOV ToUTOV daLov Kal evoeBes. avaWnOs ovv 


A > f cd af > A 
fot Kat aTOxptlvat, O TL AV COE EPWTW. 


"Amnyayes TIodeuapyov 7) ov; Ta imo tev ap-. 


, / ‘ >] / 5 t. . 5 e 
YOVTOV mpootaylevta Sediw@s exoiour. “Hoda 8 ev to 
B A / A ¢ Xx , b] , Q e A P 7A 

OVAEUTNPLW, OTE OL oYoL EYIYvoVTO TEpL Nua; v. 

, / ral - >) re \ > / 
ITorepov svvnyopeves Tois Keevovaciv aTroKTELvat 7) aVTE- 

> / ¢/ 3 , ‘\ ‘\ 3 / 
reyes;  Avtéreyor. Iva arofavwyev ) pn atroba- 

¢t/ X >] J ¢ 7 e = + 
vowev; “Iva pn arofavynte. “Hryovpevos nuas adica 

, A / 5 f 
mucyew 7 dixaca;  Adcxa. 

7? > , , 5) vA . ° , 

Eizt , ® cyeTALwraTe TavTwWY, aVTEEYES MEV LVA TO- 

/ Nr / b] / Gs of ‘ 
celas, cvvedauBaves Oe iva uTroKTeEivetas; Kal OTE MEV 


‘ A 9 e lal / A / A e / 
TO TANVOS HY vL@V KUpLOY THS TwWTNPLAS THS NMETEPAS, 


13 


26 


14 ATSIor 


> , , lal / ¢ A > 4 3 ‘ 
avTireyew dys Tots BovAopevots Nwas atrorX€aat, eed) 
ie are % S t 2 \ a Ir ec Lv , 
€ eT Ob Movm eyeveto Kat awaat IIohewapyov Kai pn, 
>) ‘ / 3 / Sn? eo 4 e 7 
lg TO O€guwTnpLoy amnyayss; «0 OTL perv, ws hrs, 
> »~ Oe > aN > Cal ‘ J ra) 
avTeiT@y ovdev whednaas, aktols ypynotos vomiler Bat, 
od ‘ . bd / ? y 3 ‘ \ \ 
6Tt 6€ oUANABwY aTrEKTELWAS, OVK OLEL EOL KAL TOUTOLCL 
re al / 
[ Sety |] Sovvae Sieny ; 
\ XN Ia A XN > a a yy 3 A 
27 Kat pnv ovde tovto evxos avt@ muotevewy, evTrep adnOn 
x ‘4 , >] r ¢€ > a , a) > ‘ 
eyes Pagkwv avTELTELY, WS AUT@ TpoTETAYEOy. ov yap 
/ 3 A / / > 3 nr > , 
57) TOU EV TOLS METOLKOLS TiOTLY Tap auTOU edauBavor. 
+ rn @ SN aS 6 ho 3 
ETELTA TM YTTOV ELKOS HY TpoaTAaYOnVvalL 7 OOTLS aVTEL- 
, 3 7 XN , 3 / f 
Twv ye eTUyYavEe Kal Yyvayny aTrodedevyuevos; Tiva 
s de os 9 & a e A XK \ 5) , 
yap €l\KOS NV NTTOV TavTA UTNPETHOAL 1) TOV avTELTOVTA 
@ oh Pees > , A ” x A N x 
28 ols exevot EBouvdAovTo TrpaxyOnvat; Ere de tots pev ad- 
> / e / re , 9S aA 
rots AOnvatois ixavyn pot Soxet mpopacis eivat THY yeyeE- 
, b on , b) / x > aN J > 
UNLEVOY ELS TOUS TpLakoVTAa avadhepEeLy THY aLTLaV* av- 
N N x n ry ? A > ‘ 5) / 
Tous O€ ToUS TpLaKovTa, av Els oas autos avadéepwer, 
r e A > es >] , >) x 4 3 3 a 
29 TMS UU“AS ELKOS aTrobEyEedUaL; el EV Yap TLS HV EV TH 
Sf. > ‘ 3 , 3 A € ? e > a / 
TONEL APY] LeXUPOTEPA aUTIS, Up NS AVTW TpocETUT- 
X Q , >] , > *¢ + x 
TETO Tapa TO dixatov avOpwrovs ato\duval, taws av 
eee yn , x A \ N A 
ELKOTWS AUTO TUYyyVapNY ELyeTe’ VOY O€ Tapa TOU ToTE 
iN , t 7 AL rf a / 
kat AnWeobe Sixnv, evmep eEeotat Tols TplaxovTa devel 
ed B.C a , ‘ ? fs K ‘ 
30 OTL TU UTO TOY TpLaKoVTAa TpooTayOevTa eToLoUv; Kaz 
‘\ i) > 3 fa >) " > ; Sige) mo ae a - 2% XV 
pev On ove Ev TH OLKia.aAN Ev TH OOM, TwWCeELY aUTOV KATA 
\ , > , , \ > , 
Ta Tov7os eyndicueva Tapov, cvraBov am7yayer. 
e lal ‘ al , / cd . ‘ b>] / 5 6 \ 
vueis O€ ATW opyitecbe, doot ELS TAS OLKLas HAOOY Tas 
¢ / / ‘\ ¢ a SX a : ‘g 
veetepas Entnoww ToLlovpevot 7) VU@Y 7 TMV ULETEDwV 


P. , > XN a A \ € a / 
TLVOS. KatTOb €Eb XP” TOLS O1a THY EAUT@V OWTTPLav 


Ll 


3 


res ’ , , v 3 , A 5 
ETEPOUS aTroXec act ouyyvounv EN ELV, EXELVOLS AV OLKQAl- 


KATA EPATOZSOENOTY. 15 


, + ? ‘ 3 e ee. = 
oTEpov exolTe* Kivduvos yap Hv weupbetoe py EdOecv 
\ a >’ / A ~~ S 
kat KatadaBovow e€upvos yevecOar. to de ’Epato- 
, Jen b) a ¢ > b] , 4 v4 ? 
oOever eEnv evmety OTL OVK aTrVTNOEV, ETELTA OTL OVE 
5 a \ Sir 3 > ¥ / a 
eioev* TUUTa yap ouT EXdeyxov ouvte Bucavoy ceiver, 
ce > ¢ ‘ =~ > a / ea? > 95 
@oTe und ute tTav exyOpav Bovropevwry olov T evat 
2 A = , 3S? , yy 3 
efereyxOnvar. xpnv oe ce, @ Epazocbeves, evrep naba 32 
/ ‘ - “ / > / > 
XpnoTos, Tokv paAAov Tos pEeAXOVTLWW adixws aTroba- 
a N / K \ Ia/ > , 
vetaoBat pnvuTyy yeverOat 7 Tovs adixws atrodoupevous 
. Aa ‘ 54 \ / 
cu\AauBuvev. viv d€ cov ta Epya havepa yeyevntas 
> e > / > > 4 e / ca / 
OVY WS aviwpevov aN ws NOOMEVOU TOLS YyuyVOMEVOLS, 
e/ 4 ? a ¥ x a & 3 a , 
@OTE TOVTOE EX TOY Epywy YpT UaAXov 7 EK TOV OYwr 33 
\ A , aA + 4 A 7, 
Thv Wndov heperv, a toace yeyevnueva TwV TOTE eEyo- 
/ 7 , 3 x , ‘ 
pevov Texunpia AapBavovtas, eTEeLdn papTupas Tepi 
ae ? er , ? N , aeky 
aQuT@V ovyx olov Te TapacyecGat. ov yap povov nuiv 
f 3 IA ] > Jar > e A 95 e/ sees 
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KATA EPATOSOENOTS. 19 


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18 ATZIOL 


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MAPTYPES. 


Dépe dyn Kai wept Onpapeévous ws av Svvopar Sa 


Bpaxutatov Sidakw. Séouar 8° vudv axovoar UTép T 


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26 ATSIOL 


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a ur See 4 ‘ A / ©. & Bs 
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oe A A s p) / Sia , 
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tal - > oN ‘ , , , 

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"¢ a b] , ¢ , / 
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Oate, éyeres Sixavere. 


AHMOY KATAATSENS AIOAOTIA. 31 


XXV. 


AHMOY KATAAYZEQO> AITOAOTTA. 


e \ ‘ , ¥” 5 7 

YMIN pev TOAANY CvYyvoOpuny exw, w@ avdpes SiKa- 

/ > y 4 / ‘\ > ’ 2 
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a / e / ed *. / re 7 
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a ’ / ral >] / 3 A » 

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= In7 \ x b) a N x So 3 
das eldotes Tous pidev adixovyTas Kal Tous ToAAG eEn- 

/ a / A id a / ‘ 
fapTnKkotas Entovat [ cepdaiveuy, 7 | vuas Tee Trepe 
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32 AT ZIOLF 


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Opwtav hvces ovTe od\vyapytKos oUTE SnmoxpaTiKes, GAN 


AHMOY KATAATSENS AWMOAOTIA. 33 


ib N\ ae , / , An 
TS Gv eXaoT@ TodTELA GUudepy, TaUTHY TpoOvpELTAL 
, yd ? sn a 5) Cin ? / ¢ 
KaGioTuval* WoTe OVK EAAYLOTOV EV UpMiY ETL EPOS WS 
£ 3 rf A / ‘ , 
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oa Rie , 2 , \ N / 
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\ € ya / | Seman ‘ ‘ ? 
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CsA ets F \ ‘ 7 / / 
vas eE€nwapTov, Tas Tept TOUTwWY SELTaYTES TLUMpLAS 
> / > / / \ XN a 
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XN / ’ }. *% > “ , / Q 
pnoev TwrroTe, operretas Se autos Yup Kopicaclat 
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s\ / e \ A } r ) \ 
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3 x (2 5 oS \ / 9 i 
auTous hucKkwot eival. E“oL TOLWVY, @ avdpes SiKacTat, 
Y 35 iO by 4 5 / X $ b] / r / >? 
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, , 5) oe, 5) > @ ay , 
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fa / Aa >] A s rs >] 4 
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pov o Povropevos TapedOwv edeyEatw* ov Toivuy ovd 
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AHMOY KATAATSENS ANMOAOTIA. 35 


, x cd 5 / > / x 
davepwrepov 7) ovtTw revdomevous atrodetEatus Tous 
/ 
KATNYOPOUS ; 
» , a 0 , Shes A y 
Er. towvuv, ® avdpes Sixactat, Kal €x TOV AAV 15 
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ev TeTov0ws. Kat ToUTO pev ou aktov Oavyatew* ev 16 
\ \ Pe a W. A , N 5 5) 
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Hyovpar b¢, & avépes Sixactat, ove av Sixaiws vas 38 
- \ 3 al -! ys x. / / 
picely Tous EV TH OALYapxia pndev TETTOVOOTAS KaKoY, 


é£ov opyifecOas Tots eis TO TWAROOs eEnuaptyKoow, ovde 


36 


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A , ‘ lal ¢ 4 > a 
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OUK ay olos Te HY Sixnv Tap avTav AapuPavelv* ev yap 
XN 75 WA ie odes) / 5 NN , 6 X 
av noel OTL ET EKELVOLS HV Kal Ene TLLMpPTHOadUaL Kab 
3 a“ 4 ~) / ( oA / > 
17 AUTOS punvUcaciv eEdevbEpows yeverOal. ETL TOLVUY et 
A b) rn , ‘ / a XN Maile 
TOV OLKET@Y TapeaTy pol UNdev povTiCely, TAS av ETOX- 

a / x 4 Wd 

NTA ToTOUTAY pEewicOwpuEvwWY KAaL aTaYT@Y GUVELOOTMD 
> / BN s / ‘ / che 
abavicat tov onkov Bpaxeos mev KEepdous EvEeKa, Tpo- 

/ X >’ a ” A 7 a 2 / 
Geopias dé ovdemias ovans TO KLVOvV Tots ELPyaTMEVOLS 
VY ‘ / / a 5 a ~ / 
aTagL TO YWpLoV OMolwsS TpoTHKOY Eival OMY TOV ONKOY, 
¢/9 yy > x 9 aA 95 > e e/ ay 
lv €b TLE AUTOUS NTLATO, ELYOY aVEVEYKELY OT@ TApECo- 


a s A 1g AAs OS / , Q A 
cay; vuv d€ kai ewe aToAvoarTes Paiwovtat, Kat odas 


IIEPI TOY sHKOrT. 4 


> ? yy / , ra Fo sf , 
autous, evTep revdovTat, peToYous THS aiTias KaGioTav- 
? , \ a / a x at 
TES. €l TOLVUY Kab TAUTA TapecKEVacAaLNY, TOS AV OLOS 
> 49 , r \ / \ \ / 
T HV TavTas TeLoaL TOUS Taplovtas, 9) Tous YeElTovas, 
A 5] / ? / a. DF A A 4 »y 
ol ov fovoy adANAwY TaUT LoOacLY a TaGLW opav eEcTLY, 
> \ \ C6 > , 27 , 07 
GNA Kal TEpt wY aTOKpUTTTOLEVOL OlouEeBa prOEVA ELOE- 
\ x > / , > \ / / 
val, Kal Tept exetvay TuVOavoyTaL; ELoL TOLYUY ToUTwV 
¢ \ . € a / . a , Oe , 
ot pev Hiro ot Se Svadopor Tept TMV E“wV TYYYaVvovoLW 
» ‘\ 5) A a / r \ 
OVTES. oOvS eXpHY ToOUTOY TapacyecOaL pupTtupas, Kal 
\ , e/ ‘A / al 6 d/ 
Nn fovov oUTMS TOALNPAS KaTHYOpLas TroLetcGaL* OS 
¢ >] ‘\ ‘ , e > b>] / > / 
Pow WS EYW MEV TAPELATIKELY, OL & ouetas e€eTeuvov 
¥ / b] / ‘ e , 4 > / 
Ta Tpeuva, avafewevos Se 0 Bondatns wXETO aTaywv 
. , , > , A / \ 
ta Evia. xaitor, @ Nixowaye, ypnv ce ToTE Kat Tapa- 
a “i % , / x ‘ nr \ 
KaNelv Tous TaplovTas wapTupas, Kat Gavepov Tovey TO 
A we 2 \ ‘ ? / A 3 / e / 
TPAyUa* KAL E“ol LEV OVOELLAY AV aTrOhoYiav UTENTES, 
1S , > ’ * \ 3 ’ / a , 
autos O€, €& meV aot EXOpos HY, EV TOVT@ TW TPOTT@ 
Ss y / ? 8e = } vA 
no0a av pe TEeTLwpPNuEVOS, EL OE THS TrorAEWS EVEKA 
+ os > , > Xd Dus > 
empattes, ovTws efeheyEas ovK av edoxes eivar ovKO- 
£ > N / 3 7, Pgh he & y, 
gavTns, et de Kepdaivery EBovdov, ToT av TELaTOV Eda- 
= A \ yy A / > / y¥ 
Bes: avepov yap ovtos Tov mpayywatos ovdeytav adrnv 
c , \ > , 77 = X A , 
nyoupnv av eival fmol owTNplav 4 GE Tegal, TOVTwY 
, Jar , ‘ ‘ \ , > a 
Tov ovdevy Troincas Sia Tovs cous Aoyous ak.ois pe 
b] / \ a e £ te A 2. / 
arohec Oat, Kat KaTNYopEls ws UTO THS EuNsS SuVaLEws 
\ a 2 a , ? ‘ 7fn/ Le 
kat TOV E“av yYpnwatwy ovders EFedeL coL papTupEL. 
/ > , 2? Inn x , > / BS > 
KaiToe el dyvas pw Lowy THY popiav adavilovta Tous Ev- 
4 A > , Any \ rn ? > / 
vea apxovtas emnyayes 7) AXXovS TLVas T@V EE Apeiov 
/ ? XA Gus Yd , Py \ y 
TAYOU, OVK GV ETEPWY EdEL TOL LAaPTUPWY* OUTW Yup av 
/ 2 A , oe \ , 
cou cuvndecav arnOn EvovTL, olTEep Kal StayryvwoKe 


¥ Q a , / > / 
E“EXAOV TEDL TOU Tpay_LaTos. SetvoTaTa ovv TATYO, 


23 


46 


24 


25 


26 


27 


ATxIor 


4 b) S , , 4 A 9¢/ 
Cow €l Mev TAPETXETO papTUpas, ToVTOLS av HELoU TI- 
, 5) NEN P) > \ 5 lta) Sr EX N / Ny 
OTEVELV, ETELON SE OUK ELGLVY AUT@, EMOL KAL TaUTHY THY 
/ o A / \ 4 x ? 
Cyuiav ovetas ypynvat yeveoGar. Kat TovTOV pev ov 
‘f ] “ Z A f 4 
Gavpavw: ov yap ontov cuxofayvtav aa TovovTwy TE 
/ ? / \ / e A > ? 2a A ~ 
Aoywv aTropnoe. Kat paptupwv: vuas 6 ovK ak&i@ THY 
DaEN / 4 y Paris ‘ bf A / 
AUTH TOVT@ Yyvopuny Exe. eETLoTAacHe yap Ev THO TEdLO 
N / x N oS 3 a sy, rn 
TOhAaS poplas OUVTasS Kal TupKalas EV TOLLS adXOLS TOLS 
He / ¢/ BY > / \ 4 5) Oy, 
EMOLS Yw@plols, as, eLTTEep EemEeOUMOUY, TOAV NV acdadEoTe- 
x ? / Nos U Ng. / ¢/ 
pov Kat abavicat Kat exxorat Kal erepyacaclat, oow- 
eo X Ia/ ral > A yy a 
TEP NTTOV TO AOLKNUA, TOAA@Y Ovogw@Y EmEeArAE ONAOV 
RA A > ed > \ \ a n 
ecec0ar. viv & ovTws avTas Epi TOAAOV ToLovpat 
od nN N / \ \ x ew e 7 
aotep [Kal THY TaTpioal| Kat THY GAY oVvELaY, 7YOU- 
Nua? , , 3 , x / 
MEVvOS TEPL apoTepwv TovTwY Eivat pot TOV KivduVOY. 
? XN J ¢ A 4 , / 3 
AUTOUS TOLVUY U“aS TOVTWY pupTUpas TapéEopal, ETrIMLE- 
lA ‘ ¢€ / , / X , 
AovpEvoUS meV EXUTTOV MHVOS, Yvwmovas Oe TEWTOVTAS 
ac. 3 , @ b \ ? > 129 id tA > rest 
KaQ éxacTov eviavTov* wv ovdeis TwWTOT ECNULWTE ML WS 
> , ~ ‘ ‘ U4 / / ? , 
eEpyalouevoy Tu TEpt Tas popLas Ywpla. KatToL ov O7- 
N SN X / e/ \ a A 
Tou Tas wey puLKpas Cnutas ovTw TeEplt TOANOU TroLoUpmAL, 
\ . N A , 7 ef N > 
Tous O€ Tepi TOU TwuaTOS KiWduVOUS [ovTw| wept ovde- 
\ ¢ A \ \ XN ‘ 3 / >? A IEA 
vos nyovpal’ Kal Tas pev ToAXNas edaias, ets as eEnv 
A 3 / / / / ‘ X 
padrov e£apaptave, ovtw GCeparevwv haivomat, Thy dé 
/, A > ei? > 8 al 3 / ¢ > f 
poptav, nv ovy olov T Hv Aabew e€opvEavta, ws adpavi- 
\ / , / ra 5 5 
Cov vuve xpivowat; IIotepov Se frou xpetttov nv, @ 
, / x A AEN A , 
BovAn, Snuoxpatias ovens Tapavopew ETL THY TpLU- 
N 5) s ¢ / / A ¢ A 
KOVTa; Kal OV rEYw wS TOTE SuVapEVOS 7) ws VU SiaBe- 
/ > ? € a / / A Ion 
Brnpevos, AN ws T@ Bovromevm ToTE padrov Env 
b] a X\ / > s / Ind > >] / a , 
aviKely 7) VUVL. yw TolVUY OVd EV EKELYO TO YpOVO 


” A ¥ ” In X , , 
OUTE TOLOUTOY OUTE AAO OVOEY KAKOY ToLnTAaS paYNdo- 


. 


IfEPY- TOT SHKOT. 47 


a F  S8 > ‘\ , > 7 > | A 
pa. Iles & av, et wn wavtwy avOpwrov e“avT@ Ka- 28 
, > a / p) / 5) , 
KOVOUDTATOS HV, UL@Y OUTWS ETLMEAOUMLEVWY EK TOUTOU 
‘ , ? / ? / a / > e 8 / 
THY mopiav adavile EeTEXELPNTa TOU YwpLoV, EV w OEv- 
‘ IAN ? 6 XN > / / c e / 
Spov wev ovde ev EaTt, pias Sé€ EAaLAaS ONKOS, WS oOUTES 
I , \ eas / > / . 
dnow eivar, cuxroev Se odos Tepiexel, augotepwlev Se 
/ ~ + » A , f 
yelToves Teplotxovaw, aepKTov dé Kal Tavtaxolev Ka- 
, > ad / x > }. 7 a 
TOTTOV EOTLY; WOTE TLS AV UTETOALNTE, TOUTWY OUTWS 
> / > A 7 , ‘ / 
EXOVTMY, ETLYELPNTAL TOLOUTM TpayuaTlL; Aewwov dE por 29 
a > A , a ena aA /. \ c 
Soxet elvat vas pév, Ols UTO THS TOAEWS TOV aTraVTAa 
/ / A a > al > al 
Npovoev TPOGTETAKTAL TWY LOpLwY EdaLwY ememereta Gar, 
47> e >] s lA a / 7f~A? e 
un@ ws emepyafowevov Twmots Cyusm@cat pe unO ws 
> / > / a A > ray 4 
abavicavta eis Kivduvov KaTacTiaal, ToUTOV O , Gs ouTE 
ey ae \ 7 yo? N ¢ , +A? 
yewpyav eyyus TUyXavet OUT ETLpEAnTHS NpNnuEvos ovd 
e / 4 2, / \ A 4 > 7 
NALKLaV EYWV ELOEVAL TEPL TOV TOLOVTMY, aTOYparat mE 
/ > / 
popiav adaviCerv. 
>) x J / ¢e A ‘ XN / , 
Eyo toivvy Sséouat vudv py Tous ToLovtous Aoyous 30 
/ e , a x ‘ \ @ > ‘ 
miaTtoTepous nyncacar TaY Epywv, unde TEP @Y auTOL 
, a 9 > / co > a ral / 
ouuiaTe, TavT avacyecOas Tov euav éyOpav AeyovTwr, 
> / ‘\ > val > / \ 23 = + 
evOupovpevous Kat EK TOV ElpnuevoV Kal Ex THS GANS 
/ ae N Sr See NS , / 
WoNTElas. EYW Yap TH E“ol TpocTEeTayuEva ATAVTA 3 
/ / e c—% A /. > / 
TpoOupotepov Terroinka, ws vTO THS TOES IVAYyKACO- 
‘ al ‘ >] ‘ >) / ‘ fC 
LV, Kal TPLNPAPYOV Kat EL hopas EichEpwv Kat Yopnyav 
‘ 3 lal ? ‘ e rn A 
Kal TaAXA RELTOUPya@Vv oVdEevos ATTOV ToAUTEADS TOV 
A / A S / a > ‘ x 
TOALT@V, KQLTOL TAUVTG MEY METPLWS TOLMY adAa pn 3 
7 Fi ‘ A » Ae ‘\ A wv > 
mpoOvuuws out av Tepe huyys ovT av wept THS AAAS ov- 
/ ? , , 7K > , Jar > a 
clas nywvifouny, TrAELW S ay ExeKTHUNV, OVdEY abLKaV 
Ie? 9 , >? a , ‘ / A 
ovd emixivduvoy E“avT@® KatagTHncas Tov Biov: Tavita 


8e , ral L mati 1 a / X Ia 7 
€ Tpatas, @ OUTOS POV KaTNYOpEL, EXE pOALVOV buev ovder, 


* 


48 ATSFOYT 


3 S b) ’ / / / , XN 
33 e“auTov & els Kivduvoy KabioTnY. KaiTOL TavTeS av 
¢€ , é 95 fr f. ~ 
OLONOYITALTE SukatoTepov elval ToLS pEeyarous ypnaOat 
/ \ a 4 \ / e lal 
TEKUNPLOLS TEPL TOV MEYUrAWY, KAL TLaTOTEpA 1YyELoOaL 
‘ @ e/ ¢ / A A mY \ @ 
TEpl WV aTAaTA  TOALS PapTUpEL, MadAOY H TEpL wY 
/ e al 
fovos ouvTOS KaTHYOpEL. 
y” 7 3 , b) a yo, 7 
34 Ett towvv, @ BovrAn, ex TaY adrAOV oKeraa Ge, 
ve ‘ + > lal rE, * 4 oe 
peaptupas yap eywv avt@ mpoondGov, éEywv OTL. poe 
, Pee ¢€ , ae , 9 N ly 
TuvtTes eloty ol OepurrovTes, OVS EKEKTNUNDY, ETTELON Tape- 
\ / Nc, / 3 Bd / 
AaBov TO YwpLov, Kat ETOLMOS ELpt, EL TIA BovdoLTO, Ta- 
a / e , ef XX S 7, 
pacovva. Bacavilery, yryovupevos ovTws av Tov edeyyov 
2 if, , lal 4 , \ lad yy 
taxupoTepoy yeveoGat THY ToVTOV oYwY KaL TOV Epyav 
an > al © ? P] > IAN , \ 
35 TOV EW. oUTOS O ovK HOEdrEV, OVdEY hacKwY TLTOV 
iy a / 3 \ x a ‘ 5 5) 
eivat Tos Oepurrovow. emor Oe Soxet Sewvov eEivat, eb 
‘ (Pe en A id , A 5 wae 
TEplt avT@V wev ot Pacarilopevot KaTHYOpOUGLy, Ev ELOOTES 
ef bd a \ Se a 5 a i v4 
oTt atvroPavovvtat, TWEept O€ THY CETTIOTWY, OLS TEduKacL 
4 A \ ¢/. > / / 
KaKOVOVTTATOL, LaAXOV av ethovTO avexecOat Bacavito- 
x / ? if 0 lal , ca 
fevol 1) KATELTIOVTES ATTNAAaYUAL TWY TAPOVTWY KaAKwY, 
x , ‘\ 3 5 J > 
36 Kat pev 57), @ Bovdrn, Pavepov oipuat eivat o7t, eL,Nixo- 
, ry e \ ? yf) , S Sis 24 
bayou eEartovvtos Tous avOpwrovs pn TapeEd.oour, €00- 
\ ) A , > \ , 5. te 
Kovv Gy éuwavT@ cuvedevar* Emreldy ToLWUY E“oU Tapa- 
, e A >] + / ‘ \ 
Suddvtos ovros mapadafew ovn n0edr€, SiKatov Kat TrEpé 
4 x rf BS Lh fe oA \ A 
TOUTOU THY AUTH YvauNnY TXELY, AANWS TE KAL TOV KLV- 
, p) ” p) , x ree a \ \ 
37 OUVOU OUK LoOU GUoTEpoLsS OVTOS.  TWEpPt EMOoU MEV Yup 
> oF, \ e > , 202 KX > , / 
el €deyov, & ouTos €PRoundeTo, ovd| av atodoyncaa lat 
>] / / b ] b) x ¢ , , A 
pot e£eyeveTo* TovTM O EL LN WpLOrOYOU?, ovdenia n- 
U a 9S e/ ‘ na a a * B , 
[la evoxos nV. Wate TOAV addov ToUTOY Tapahap“pa- 
>? al ‘\ an A > ‘N / 2) 
vew EXpHVY 2) Ee Tapadovval TpoonKev. EYyw ToLVUP Els 


A / 5) / ¢ , » re) ns 
ToUTO TpoOuutas adbixounv, yyovpevos MET EMOU ELVAaL 


TIEPI TOY SHKOY. 49 


> , Mae / x3 / e a 
kat ex Bacavev Kal Ex wapTUPwY Kal EK TEKUNPLOV LEAS 
XV A / b] ~ / > cal \ 
Tept TOU Tpayywatos TarnOn TuOecbar. eEvOvpeicOas dé 
eet, , / \ ’ A 2 
xXPN, @ BovavAn, TOTEPOLS YPN) TLATEVELY LAXXOL, Ols TOA- 
\ , A 2 5 N be N , 
ot pewaptupyKacwy 7 @ pnoEels TETOAUNKE, KAL TOTEPOV 
; A ~ 3 / / ‘\ \ 
€LKOS faAAOV TOUTOY aKwWdUVas WevderPaL 7) META TO- 
/ / A ? \ 4 > £ \ 
GovTov KivouvoU ToLoUTOVY Ewe Epyov Epyacacbal, Kat 
, y ON ES A } a XX 
ToTepov oveaGe avtov uTEp THs Toews Bone i) cUKO- 
a 3 7 3 XN / >] , ¢e A 
gdavtovyta aitiacacGa; eyo pev [ eyvexevat | ULas 
¢e A ad / ce ‘\ a > al \ A 
nyovmat ott Nixowayos uTo Tav exyOpav weicas Tov 
2 al ~ ‘ > nq > / ? e > A 
E“@V TOUTOV Tov ayava aywviteTal, OVX WS adLKOUYTA 
a / > / >’ P. rs b] 4 a 3 A } 
exmilwy uatroderEew, urXrX ws apyuployv wap éepou A7e- 
a cd \ ¢e = / >] > ys 
oa: mpocdoKav. Ocw yap ol ToLOUTOL ELoLY ETALTLWTa- 
‘ >] , A 7 4 , > N 
TOL Kal ATOPWTATOL T@V KLVOUYWY, TOUT@ TUVTES AUTOUS 
, s 12) x Ai , > Hoy, ) ) 
evyouot pariota. eyw o€, w Bovdy, ove Hnkiovv, adr 
3 8 , 3 7 /, 3 -e: df 7 
ETELONTEP LE NTLATAaTO, Tapewyov EuauToy O TL Bov- 
~ ‘ 4 c A 7 >? \ 
AecOe ypncOat, Kat Tovtov éevexa Tov KivdvVoV. ovdEvé 
JisN cal > A , \ p en, tA cal , 
ey@ TwV eyOpav Sunddaynv, Gb Ewe NOLOY KAKOS eyou-= 
x A >? ‘ >] A XV A ‘ 3 ‘ 
cw 7 opas avtous emrawovet, Kat davepas pev ovodes 
7 > nm" > A 3 / A ‘\ . / 
TWTOTE EME AUTOV ETEXELPNTE TOLNTAL KAKOV OVOEY, TOl- 


, ee. ; , a ee 5) dK , 
ouvtous O€ emiméutrovoL pol, ois vuels ovK av diKais 


38 


39 


4 7 \ x > , / ? 
TT LO TEVOLTE, TTAVT@V y2p av aOX\twTatos YEevolyyny, €b 41 


. on7 , ¥ \ K \ , 
guyas adixws KaTacTNcopal, aTals MEV WY Kal [ovOS, 
> / as ~ yy / » ‘\ , . 3 
Epnuov O€ TOU OlKOU YyEevomEevoU, NTPOS OE TuvTwY Ev- 
rf / \ 7 Se 3 ’ / . 
dsovs, matpioos Sé TovavTns em aloxyiotais otepnOeis 
Ee x X J. Gs Dm 
aiTLals, TohAas ev VaVpayias UTTEp avTHS vevavuayn- 
, ‘ ‘ , , , Je 9 ‘ 
KWS, ToANas O€ wayas pewaynuevos, KoopLov 5 E“avTov 


A 9 / b fe. >] 
Kab ev Snwoxpatia Kat €V oduyapyia Tapacyav. 


? \ / > , a > 
Adda yap, @ BovrAn, Tavta pev evOdde ove oid’ 6 42 


4 


50 ATXIOL 


a / >] / ae JA e 9 tee Xx 3 A 

TL det Aeyew* amederEa S viv ws OVK EvAY ONKOS EV TO 

/ \ / / \ x 

Ywpio, Kal fapTUpasS TaperxXouyy Kal TeKurpLa. a YPN 

/ he \ a 

pepvnuevous SvayiyvworKkew TEepl TOV Tpaypyatos, Kai 

5) a X a / ad vA IgN 3-9 2 

afiobv Tapa touvtou wuGecOar orov evexa, e€ov ew av- 

, 5 / f , e/ 3 A 7 

Topwpw eheyEar, TOTOUT@ Ypovm VaTEpoY Els TOTOUTOV 

, / A Nn , IA / 

43 PE KATETTNTEY aY@VA, Kal wapTUpa ovdeva Tapacyope- 

3 A f A ‘ SF JeN ’ nr 

vos ex TOV AOywv Entel TLaTOs yeveaVar, EEov avTois 
a + ? A ? a ‘ > a e/ 

Tols Epyous adtKouyTa atrodetEat, KaL E“oU aTavTas 6u- 
4A / f ‘ 

Sovros tous Oepatrovtas, ovs dnot TwapayeverOat, Tapa- 


rNaBetv ove nOcrev. 


BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION. 


Nore. — This general Introduction, and those which are specially connected with the 
several Orations, although freely combining material from various sources, are indebted 
especially to the admirable Hinleitungen of Dr. R. RAUCHENSTEIN, in his Sechste Ver- 
besserie Auflage. 


Liystas was born at Athens, most probably, according to K. F. 
Hermann’s view, B. c. 444, or eight years before Isocrates, who by 
all accounts is represented as somewhat his junior. There he re- 
ceived his education together with the noblest of the Athenians, 
and there also he died, B.c. 378. Compare Cicero’s remark, “ Est 
enim Atticus, quoniam certe Athenis est et natus et mortuus et 
functus omni civium munere.” (Brut. 16, 63.) His father was 
Cephalus of Syracuse, who, through Pericles’s advice, had emigrated 
to Athens, about 447. Curtius says of Cephalus, that he was “a 
man of property and consideration, whose ancestors had distin- 
guished themselves in the struggle against the tyrants of his native 
city, and in whose house a higher class of studies were eagerly 
cultivated. For thirty years he dwelt in the Pirzus, and both in 
his manhood and old age was the type of piety and wisdom. He 
was devoted with his whole heart to the Periclean state to which 
he belonged as a resident alien, so that he accounted it an honor 
to undertake costly service in its behalf; and his hospitable house 
was a meeting-place of men of the most distinguished intellectual 
gifts.” —Hist. Greece, II. p. 547. Such were the influences amidst 
which Lysias grew to manhood. 

After the death of his father, he was attracted, with his brothers 
Polemarchus and Euthydemus, to Thurii in Lower Italy, about 
417. Here, in the vicinity of the ancient and ruined Sybaris, a 
flourishing city had sprung up, laid out after the model of the 


52 Biographical Introduction. 


Pirzeus, and by the same Hippodamus whom Pericles had em- 
ployed to lay out and beautify the port of Athens. Here, under a 
democratical constitution, such was the growth of the colony that 
many distinguished men were attracted from all quarters. 

Here Lysias came under the influence of the Sicilian school of 
oratory, as led by Tisias of Syracuse. The style of this school 
was characterized by sharp antitheses, by elaborate parallelisms in 
the construction of sentences, by alliterations, and similar artifi- 
cialities. In this style Lysias produced some compositions. But 
the mannerism of such a style, although well enough adapted to 
excite admiration in exhibitions of rhetorical skill, was less fitted 
for effective service in the encounters of the courts and the popular 
assemblies. Yet the straightforward practical address necessary for 
a statesman and an advocate can occasionally make profitable use 
of the ornaments of speech on which the rhetorician places more 
reliance; and so far Lysias’s training in the Sicilian school brought 
some advantage to his later practice at Athens. 

Lysias lived in prosperity at Thurii, until the overthrow of the 
Athenian armament in Sicily, in 413. This occasioned the over- 
throw of the democratic constitution of Thurii, and the expulsion 
of the Athenian party, including Lysias and his brother Polemar- 
chus, with whom three hundred others were obliged to flee. 

The two brothers returned to Athens in 412 or 411, and during 
the next seven years resided in Pireeus enjoying a period of pros- 
perity. Though not possessing the rights of citizenship, they 
possessed the isotely (see General Note to the Oration against 
Eratosthenes, 9, Metacus), and the business which they pursued 
was likely to be profitable in that time of war, —the manufacture 
of shields, in which they employed one hundred and twenty slaves. 
The capture of the city early in 404, and the inauguration of the 
despotism of the Thirty, found them the holders of a considerable 
property, of which they were despoiled by the tyrants, and Polemar- 
chus was put to death, while Lysias made his escape to Megara. 
Having co-operated with liberal contributions and effective service 


Biographical Introduction. 53 


to the expulsion of the usurpers, Lysias had no sooner seen the 
ancient constitution restored, than he proceeded to prosecute Era- 
tosthenes for his brother’s murder. 

Whether he gained this case or not, —on which point we have 
no testimony, — the undertaking proved eventful to Lysias as the 
beginning of a new career. To this, not improbably, his now 
reduced circumstances, together with his previous studies, may 
have inclined him. He now became a Aoyoypdados, or writer of 
speeches, which his clients in pleading their own causes delivered 
from memory (see General Note to the Oration against Eratos- 
thenes, 4, Synegorus). 

On the motion of Thrasybulus, a decree had been adopted con- 
ferring upon Lysias the privilege of citizenship, in recognition of 
his distinguished services to the state. But this decree having 
been cancelled for informality, in having been passed by the 
assembly without the previous assent of the senate (zpoBovAcupa), 
was never renewed. Having thus failed of obtaining that civic 
standing in which alone he could exercise his gifts as a popular 
speaker (jxjrwp) in the assembly, Lysias had no opportunity to 
attain the distinction in that capacity of which his plea against 
Eratosthenes had given promise. But his orations have, perhaps, 
thereby become none the less interesting to us, such is the greater 
variety of subject and manner which they present, corresponding 
to the variety of circumstances and persons for which they were 
prepared. 

It was highly important that the persons who delivered from 
memory the orations which professional pens had written for them 
should seem to speak out of their own individuality. For, so far 
as their speeches should appear to bear the stamp of another mind, 
so far the impression upon their judges would be unfavorable. 
Accordingly, the speech-writer needed to study the persons for 
whom he wrote, as well as their causes, and to adapt each address 
to the characteristics as well as the circumstances of the speaker. 
This Lysias has done in such a way that, without introducing 


54 Biographical Introduction. 


unessential matter, or speaking otherwise than in the purest Attic, 
he has made each oration a “ character-picture,”’ a work of art 
expressing the personality of the speaker. Dionysius says of him 
in this respect: ‘‘ He was by far the best of all orators in discern- 
ing the nature of men, and in attributing to each their appropriate 
feelings and manners and acts (7).. . . Toeach age, and kind, 
and education, and calling, and manner of living, and other things 
in which persons differ, he gives the natural expressions’ (8). 
This was what the ancients praised in Lysias as the art of charac- 
ter-drawing (#Oo7outa), and they highly esteemed him for expres- 
siveness (évdpyeva), and fidelity to life (dcarvzwors). 

The style of Lysias has been briefly described in the Preface to 
this volume. Dionysius calls him “an excellent standard of the 
Attic tongue, not of the old, which Plato and Thucydides have 
used, but of that which was current at that time” (2). The 
ancients regarded his style as a model of the genus tenue, ioyvov 
yevos. The difficulty of describing this by any one or two English 
synonymes is apparent from the multitude of predicates by which 
Francken endeavors after an exhaustive translation, namely, ‘ Tenui- 
tati . . . propria est gracilitas et siccitas, i. e. ornatus defectus ; 
simul subéili¢as sive acuta demonstratio; denique drevitas. Tenuis 
orator parcus est verbis, et inornatus, sed idem sanus ac sobrius, 
subtilis, tersus, elegans, cavebit a jejunitate.’’ — Commentt. Lys., 
pp. 9, 10. Lysias gives everything its common and familiar name; 
he seldom uses a metaphor, even in passages of the highest elo- 
quence. Demosthenes also, and other Attic orators, used figurative 
‘language sparingly, but this plain style was peculiarly adapted to 
the sphere for which Lysias designed his orations. Dionysius 
praises him for his faculty of ‘‘making things seem uncommon, 
and dignified, and great, while usmg the most common expres- 
sions, and abstaining from poetic devices” (3). His luminous 
preciseness, his naive truthfulness, his straightforward movement, 
deserve to be studied by every orator who aims at the orator’s 
practical end of conviction and persuasion. As contrasted with 


Biographical Introduction. 55 


Demosthenes, he is thus characterized by Francken: “ Flumine 
verborum abripit Demosthenes, ‘monte decurrens yelut amnis’; 
Lysias leniter allabitur, placidi et quieti rivuli instar, qui raro 
fluctus movet. Sanitatem et sobrietatem Atticam in utroque ag- 
noscas, sed vehementior est Demosthenes, quietior Lysias.” (J. 
p- 10.) Isocrates, on the other hand, writing comparatively few 
orations, and expending proportionately more time in perfecting 
them, —ten or fifteen years, it is said, upon his Panegyricus, — is 
much more elaborate than Lysias in the arrangement and treatment 
of his subjects, and, though harmonious in the flow of his sentences, 
sometimes wearisomely so in the monotonous finish of his elegant 
periods. But with regard to Lysias, furthermore, there is a pecul- 
iar charm (xdpts) of elegant completeness and graceful finish invest- 
ing his works. Dionysius calls it “the charm which blooms over 
the whole expression and arrangement,—a thing indescribable and 
most admirable. For it is most easy to see, and manifest to every 
one alike, both common man and artist, but most difficult to show 
in speech, and not readily achieved even by those best able to 
express themselves. This, indeed, I believe to be the best and 
most characteristic merit of the style of Lysias; whether one 
should call it a happy gift of nature, or the result of labor and art, 
or a habit or faculty combined of both, in which he excels all the 
rest of orators”’ (10). 

As regards the details of oratory, the ancients regarded Lysias 
as unsurpassed in his statement of a case. In -argument he is 
ingenious and acute. While he looks at his subject on all sides, 
he has a keen perception and vigorous grasp of the strong points 
of a case. His thought is never hampered by its form, but easily 
frees itself, by agreeable changes of construction, whenever the 
form is in danger of proving burdensome or obscure. More than 
any other Attic orator, Lysias uses the favorite rhetorical ornaments 
of that Sicilian school in which he had been trained (see Noées, 
§§ 1, 7, 37, 54, 78, Or. against Eratosthenes). Yet his use of them 
is never such as either to detract from the naturalness of his style, 


56 Biographical Introduction. 


or to interfere with the sober earnestness of his aim. In his intyo- 
ductions, Lysias shows the greatest variety. Each oration seems to 
open with the spontaneous thought of the moment. In his conelu- 
sions he is generally brief, and is fond of condensing in a terse 
statement the main points which he has presented. 

In this connection the following remarks of Curtius upon Attic 
oratory, and that of Lysias in particular, deserve perusal : — 

“The real oratory of the Athenians connected itself closely with 
the tasks of actual life, as they offered themselves in the law 
courts and in the popular assembly. Here it could take for its 
model neither the pomp of the style of Gorgias, nor the artistically 
constructed periods of Isocrates; for the ample and self-satisfied 
manner of the artistic orators was not in its proper place when the 
point at issue was to treat a given case according to the facts at 
issue, and, in the short time allowed, concisely to combine that 
which was adapted for determining the decision of the civic assem- 
bly, or of the jury. . . . But this Attic oratory reached its fullest 
development, and the most abundant evidence of it remains, in the 
works of Lysias, who is likewise by the experiences of his life so 
intimately associated with the internal and external history of 
Athens. . . . He now applied himself entirely to forensic oratory, 
which at Athens came more and more into the foreground, and 
which was also the principal subject treated in the books of in- 
struction. Under the salutary discipline of a practical profession, 
Lysias put aside whatever had formerly clung to him of artifi- 
ciality and sophistic mannerism; he emancipated himself from all 
useless ornament, and wrote his speeches in so straightforward and 
simple a style, that they became perfect models of the natural 
grace of Attic prose. He moreover possessed a peculiar gift, which 
very probably was due to his Sicilian blood, namely, the power 
of seizing with admirable force the characteristic points, according 
to age and social class, in the particular personages whose suits he 
conducted, and of thus making his speeches dramatic sketches of 
actual life.””— Hist. Greece, V. pp. 180, 181. 


Biographical Introduction. 57 


That the writings of Lysias were highly esteemed in antiquity, 
is evident from the number of commentators upon them, whose 
works, however, have not survived together with their names. 
The most valuable critique of him that we have from any ancient 
writer, is that of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (who died soon after 
B. c. 7), of whom Francken says, that whoever attempts to praise 
Lysias, after Dionysius, will probably seem to be writing the [iad 
after Homer. . 


ch Sige Vee AGE 
| Tee Te 


+ 


4 


: ph ei 2 Ra Yes, . 
’ i > ee 
iA on! Cy ee aria 


open e / 


int ; ™» : a 
Pay Veer Sener a 





NOTES. 


THE DEFENCE OF MANTITHEUS. 
XVI. 


INTRODUCTION. 


N. B. —In the following pages the orations are severally referred to by the numerals 
prefixed to each, which are the same that designate them in the complete series. 


THE date of this oration is determined by the references in § 15, as 
shortly subsequent to the battle at Coronea. Accordingly the oration 
must have been delivered some ten years after the time of the Thirty 
Tyrants. Mantitheus had obtained an election to the Senate. But, 
so strong was the hatred still cherished toward the Thirty and their 
adherents, that in the constitutional scrutiny (dox:uacia) of the sen- 
ators elect, — which took place before the out-going Senate, — the 
objection was raised against Mantitheus that he had served among the 
cavalry during the year of anarchy, as the Athenians termed that 
period of unconstitutional government. | 

It had been decreed, after the restoration of the democracy, that 
those cavalry-men who had served in the time of the Thirty should 
refund the xardoraors, that is, the allowance granted them by the state 
for their outfit. It is likely that the tyrants, anxious to recruit the 
ranks of a force on which they depended, had perverted this allowance 
to cavalry-men, customary as it had been before they came into power, 
into a mere bounty for partisans, and that the resources for it came 
from unrighteous confiscations. The decree of reclamation was doubt- 
less a stroke of censure at the cavalry, who had incurred the hatred 
of the people by the devotion which they had shown to the cause 
of the tyrants. Grote remarks, that the horsemen, as a class, had 
steadfastly supported the Thirty through all the enormities of their 


60 Notes. 


career, and had made themselves their partisans in every species of 
flagitious crime which could possibly be imagined to exasperate the 
feelings of the exiles. (Hist., VIII. pp. 246, 302.) 

This reclamation of the xardoraovs naturally produced some law- 
suits, which were tried before judge-advocates (cvvé:kot), who had 
been appointed to take cognizance of the claims for indemnification, 
that arose after the return of the exiled democrats, whose property 
had been confiscated by the oligarchs. The lists of the cavalry-men 
were, of course, in evidence. These lists were on tablets covered with 
gypsum (cavidia). ‘These lists, as might have been expected, had 
been more or less corrupted, names erased and names inserted. The 
results of the legal proceedings were probably various. But a connec- 
tion with the cavalry service, whether positively ascertained or not, 
made in many cases little difference. (See § 8.) Grote remarks, “the 
general body of the knights suffered so little disadvantage from the 
recollection of the Thirty, that many of them in after days became 
senators, generals, hipparchs, and occupants of other considerable posts 
in the state.” — Hist., VIII. p. 306. Sometimes, however, they were 
more severely treated (Or. XX VI. § 10). 

Mantitheus, with his somewhat careless demeanor, may have given 
occasion for the complaint. He makes, however, a seemingly unim- 
peachable defence with a skilful use of facts, and with a free and 
unreserved exhibition of his life and his personal character. He ap- 
pears as an Athenian from a good family of the old stamp, hostile to 
the dissolute life of elegant men of his age, not very careful in his 
external appearance, and rather disposed to brave criticism. He is 
active, devoted, resolute, and brave, in a somewhat rough and im- 
petuous way, but takes pains, by uprightness and solid merit, to secure 
the approbation of his fellow-citizens. Such a character captivates 
us by its probity and openness, and in its clear delineation Lysias has 
furnished an excellent proof of his skill. 


GENERAL NOTE ON POINTS OF THE ATHENIAN CON- 
STITUTION TOUCHED IN THIS ORATION. 


{For fuller statements see especially Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. ] 


1. THE civil and the military constitution of the Athenians ran 
parallel. The nation, since the democratical reorganization by Clis- 


Notes. 61 


thenes, B. c. 509, had been divided into ten tribes (gvudai.) These 
possessed each its leading officers, its common sanctuaries, and its 
tribal festivals, but, as corporations, they had no political significance, 
and served merely as organs for the performance of civil and military 
services. (Curtius, Hist., I. pp. 407, 408. 

The phyle, says Grote, seems to have been “the only military 
classification known at Athens.” The soldiers of each phyle formed 
a division of the army ($15) called a raé:s, subdivided into Adyo., 
under Aoyayot. The rags of the Athenians was thus a larger body 
than among other Greeks. Each raéis was under a rafiapxos. The 
ten taxiarchs, who acted as lieutenants and assistants of the ten 
strategi, both in peace and in war, commanded only the infantry of 
the ten phyle. The cavalry commander in each phyle was called 
pvrapxos (§ 6), and the ten phylarchs were themselves subordinate to 
two hipparchs (trmapyo, § 8). The chief military officer was the 
strategus (otpatnyés, § 8). Of these there were also ten, one for each 
phyle. They were elected by popular suffrage, and presided over all 
matters belonging to the war and the foreign department. They also 
nominated and exercised control over the trierarchs, or naval captains, 
and, in general, were charged with superintendence of the public 
safety. They had the power, in an emergency, of convoking, with 
consent of the senate, an extraordinary assembly of the people; and 
even of prohibiting or dissolving the assembly, if so the necessities 
of the state seemed to require. 

2. Phyle and Demes. The phyle possessed no local centres of their 
own, but were simply aggregations of demes. These demes (é7por) 
were local parishes, and demes which might be remote from each 
other were often included in the same phyle. In each phyle there 
were originally ten demes, but the number gradually increased. The 
common local centre of the phyle was the city agora, where the 
statues of the ten tribal heroes stood, but that of each deme was its 
own agora. The land-holders in each deme were catalogued, and 
“registration in these parish lists served as evidence that an indi- 
vidual belonged to the country in general, and was entitled to the 
enjoyment of civic rights. Though he might change his habitation 
as often as he liked, he still continued to belong to the deme in which 
he had once been registered.” — Curtius, Hist., I. p. 407. 

Like our towns, the demes had their local governments, treasuries, 
and meetings, and raised their quotas for the army and navy. The 


62 _ LVotes. 


demes were sometimes of large extent and populous. The deme 
of Acharne supplied a force of three thousand men in the Pelopon- 
nesian War. The members of a deme were called demote (Snudrat, 
§ 14), and the head man of each deme was styled demarch (Snpapxos). 

3. The Senate (BovdAn) had been composed, since the time of Clis- 
thenes, if we except the revolutionary period about the close of the 
Peloponnesian War, of five hundred citizens, not under thirty years 
of age, who were chosen by lot (kvayos), and held office for a year, 
meeting daily, except on festivals and holidays, and receiving the 
compensation of a drachm (about eighteen cents) per day. Every 
senator elect had to undergo the scrutiny (Soxipacia) (see General 
Note, 5), in which evidence must be presented of citizenship, age, and 
freedom from dripia. (See General Note, XXV.3.) The functions of 
the senate were to originate business for the general assembly, to 
take care for the navy and arsenals, to regulate all matters of finance, 
to judge of the qualifications of magistrates, and of the members of 
their own body ; and also to receive, and sometimes to try, informa- 
tions (eiaayyeAiar). (See General Note, 7.) The judicial power of the 
senate was limited from B. c. 461 to the imposition of a fine of five 
hundred drachms, — about $90.45. Of the five hundred senators, 
fifty were chosen from each phyle, and each of the ten sections thus 
formed presided (émpuraveve) in turn, both in the senate and in the 
assembly, for a period of thirty-five or thirty-six days. This period 
(xpuraveia) was subdivided into five weeks, and each presiding section 
(oi mpurdvers) into five tens, and each ten presided a week in turn. 
The presiding ten (of mpdedpor) of any week chose one of their own 
number for each day of the week, to act as president (émorarns) of 
the senate and of the assembly of the people. 

4. The assembly (éxcdnoia) embraced all the qualified freemen of 
Attica. A man could be qualified for membership at the age of 
twenty. The meetings, held regularly four times in each prytany, 
or forty times a year, assembled in the Pnyzx, a semicircular area on 
a low hill southwest of the Areopagus. All matters of public and 
national interest, foreign or domestic, might become subjects for dis- 
cussion. It was not according to law to bring forward any particular 
measure that had not previously received the sanction of the senate 
by a mpoBovrAevpa, or been referred by that body to the assembly. 
Privilege of speech was not confined to any class or age. Speakers 
addressed the meeting from a high platform of stone (@jpa, still exist- 


Notes. 63 


ing). The sense of the meeting was expressed by a show of hands 
(xetporovia) or by ballot (pos). The attendance on ordinary assem- 
bly days probably numbered about five thousand. 

As in addition to the forty regular meetings of every year there 
were many special meetings, the poorer classes would either be bur- 
dened by attendance, or must resign the control of affairs to persons 
of wealth and leisure. There was some justice, therefore, in the 
arrangement which secured the attendance of the poorer citizens 
by allowing a compensation of, at first, one obol (three cents) a day, 
which was increased afterward (B. c. 392) to three obols. 

5. The Aoximacia. Before any person who had been designated 
or elected to an office was permitted to enter on its duties, he was 
obliged to pass an examination into his previous life and conduct. 
This scrutiny of qualifications was called the dokimasy (8Soxtpacia). 
It did not take account so much of the actual capacities and personal 
qualities of the persons elected, as of matters like the following: 
Whether the individual were a genuinely born Athenian citizen and 
of proper age ; whether he had discharged his filial obligations to his 
parents, and had done his duty as a citizen in war ; whether he had 
borne his part in the customary sacrifices, and had discharged his 
debts to the state ; and whether he had engaged in any transactions 
prejudicial to the state, or such as should incapacitate him for civic 
functions. The dokimasy was held sometimes before the senate, 
sometimes before the jury-courts of the dicasts. (See General Note, 
XII. 3.) It was in order at such times for any person to object to the 
fitness of the candidate under scrutiny. So wide-reaching an exami- 
nation of a man’s whole record, public and private, gave wide oppor- 
tunity to objectors, and permitted, as we see in the following oration, 
an equal discursiveness in reply (§ 9). This institution was some- 
times perverted to the gratification of private grudges, but was also 
turned to account against some unworthy persons who could not be 
successfully prosecuted under the laws. 

6. A Syndicus (civdix0s) is sometimes synonymous with a Synegorus 
(see General Note to the next oration), and sometimes, as in this ora- 
tion, denotes an advocate of a peculiar kind, possessing some judicial 
powers. The duty of this class of ovvdicor seems to have been to 
exercise jurisdiction in disputes respecting property claimed both by 
the state and by private parties, especially confiscated property. The 
first appointment of such functionaries took place on the restoration 


64 Notes. 


of the constitution after the overthrow of the Lysandrian tyranny, 
B. c. 403. The name of ovvdixo: was also specially given to orators 
sent to represent the state before a foreign tribunal. 

7. Dike. The general word denoting any proceeding at law be- 
tween parties was icy. This had a wider and a limited sense. In 
the wider sense, dixm included both public and private actions ; in 
the more limited sense it meant a private suit, while ypady was the 
word specially appropriated to public actions (see General Note, VIL. 
1); and these again were divided into ica, or criminal prosecutions, 
and 8npdorat, or state trials. The different classes of trials were also 
included under the general name of dyaves. Eioayyedia signified 
an information laid before the senate or the assembly, especially 
in cases not covered by the laws, or in case of eminent persons, 
or heinous offences, or when a combination of crimes was charged, 
or when speedy trial was necessary. 

8. Martyria. In the courts of Athens only freemen possessing 
their civil rights could be witnesses (udprupes). Of the testifying of 
women or minors there is no instance on record. Slaves could testify 
only under torture (see General Note, VII. 2). But alien freemen 
could testify like citizens. Neither of the parties to a suit was a 
competent witness in his own case, though each was obliged to answer 
questions put by the other (see Or., XII. §§ 24, 25). Awitness who 
refused to appear when summoned was liable to prosecution. He 
was not obliged to be present at the preliminary hearing (see General 
Note, VII. 1), but his deposition had to be handed in then in writ- 
ing. When he was ill, or out of the country, he could be examined 
by commission, and his deposition was then called éxuaprupia. Hear- 
say evidence, except the declaration of a deceased person, was inad- 
missible. After the preliminary hearing, no fresh evidence could be 
introduced. When the trial took place the witness was obliged to 
be present in court. When he was introduced, the water-clock 
(kdeYvdpa), which measured the time allotted to the speakers, —in 
the midst of whose addresses the witnesses were brought forward at 
fitting points, — was stopped, the witness ascended the speaker’s plat- 
form, and signified his assent to his written deposition as read to him 
by the clerk. Either at the preliminary hearing or at the trial, an 
oath was administered to the witness at the altar by the opposite 
party. A contumacious witness incurred a fine of 1,000 drachms. 
A false witness was indictable, with punishment, if convicted, at 


Votes. 65 


the discretion of the court. In our editions of the orators, the words 
paprupia and paprupes are interchangeably used to denote the intro- 
duction of witnesses. 

In connection with this subject, the original signification of the 
word martyr in the Christian sense will readily be appreciated. 





NOTKES. 
XVI. 


ANALYSIS. 


Part I.— REPLY TO THE SPECIAL CHARGE, §§1-8. 
** II. — EXHIBITION OF THE SPEAKER’S RECORD, §$ 9-21. 


I,—1. Introduction : The accusers’ malice gives the speaker a valuable opportunity to 
demonstrate his character, §$1, 2. 
2. The proposition ; stating in general what the speaker expects to prove, § 3. 
3. The argument, §§4-8, namely: 

A, An alibi: he was out of the country till the affairs of the Thirty had be- 
come critical, §4; and at such a time it was not likely that he and they 
would have become connected, § 5. 

B. Whatever a falsified register may show, § 6, his name does not appear as a 
cavalry-man either in the phylarchs’ lists, or in the judicial reclama- 
tions, § 7. 

C. Were it true that he had served in the cavalry, he could show that he had 
harmed no one, and could point to many such who had been honored with 
high office, § §. 

II.—1. Introductory: A personal narrative is required by the nature of the case, § 9. 
2. The narration, §$ 10-16. 
A. Of his conduct in domestic relations, § 10. 
B. And also in social and public life, §§ 11-16. 
a. Negatively. 
. as averse to dissolute habits, § 11. 
. and never charged with a breach of law, § 12. 
. Positively. 
. as a volunteer for dangerous service, § 13. 
. generous to poorer comrades, § 14. 
steadfast in battle, $15. 
. and of undaunted daring after defeat, § 16. 
3. Argument on the facts presented, §$ 17-19. 
A. Popular favor and political rights cannot justly be refused to a man with 
such a record, §17. 
B. The true criterion of an honorable and worthy citizen is such a record, 
§ 18, rather than peculiarities of personal appearance and manner, § 19. 


4. Conclusion, §$ 20, 21. (See Notes.) 
5 , 


ase FfaoS& 


66 Notes. 


1.—ovvySev, G., 49, 2. H., 746. — Bovdopévors, G., 113. H., 799. — 
Karyyopias, G., 173. H., 577. —SaBeBanpevors, G., 18, 4. Notice the 
emphasis given by position before the subject rovrous.  ofrwes, the indefinite 
relative, gives a general signification to its antecedent rovrous, ‘this class 
of persons...who.” — évayxdfeot, G., 62. H., 757. —avrois, G., 188, 3. 
H. 600. 

2.— dor e&aite, G., 65,3. H., 770, 771. —e ms...rvyxave, G., 48, 
I. A. 1, & RB. 1. —Sraxelpevos, G., 112, 2. H., 801. — épod, G,, 171, N. 1. 
H., 576, a. —dxoion, G., 20, N. 1; 60, 3, N.; 61, 3. H., 760, a. — 
perapedyoey, G., 27, N. 3. 

3. — daroSelEw, G., 50, 1, & R. 1. Is the tense a future or an aorist sub- 
junctive? See @., 37, 2,N. 1. What is the apodosis ?— tav atrav KLyou- 
vov p. tpiv, G., 170, 2, & 186. H., 574, a, & 603. —a diddAa, 1. e. every- 
thing beside his just-mentioned attachment to the established constitution, 
and what he had endured in consequence. — petptws, a modest expression 
for ‘‘laudably.” — BeBtwxds, G., 112, N. 8. H., 797 & 802. — Séopar, G., 
10, N. 7. So dé&é, above. H., 699, a. —Soxwmagew, see General Note, 5, 
Aoxipasia. — odx tarmevoy [odr’ éredjpovv], the bracketed words seem to 
have got out of place from § 4. Discriminate between this imperfect and 
the aorist perécxov. G., 200, N. 5. G., 19, N. 2. —perécxov, why not - 
accented pérecxov? G., 26, N. 1. H., 368, b. Free from all connection 
with the administration, he was impliedly free from all responsibility for 
its actions. 

4,—‘Hpds, emphatic position. — cvppopés, at Agospotami, on the 
European side of the Hellespont, opposite Lampsacus, where about one 
hundred and seventy vessels, nearly the whole of the Athenian fleet, were 
taken by Lysander, September, B. c. 405. This disaster was the finishing 
stroke of the Peloponnesian War. — 2érvpoy (I.), king of a district in the 
Tauric Chersonese (modern Crimea), whose capital was Panticapzeum, also 
called Bosporus, from its situation on the west side of the Cimmerian Bos- 
porus (Strait of Yenikale). The region had been colonized principally 
from Miletus, and maintained a flourishing trade with Athens in particular, 
which drew from it annually 400,000 medimni (600,000 bushels) of corn. 
Says Curtius: ‘‘ Of all the existing foreign relations, those with the princes 
on the Cimmerian Bosporus were in truth the most favorable and the best 
warranted,” ete. Hist. V. p. 137. — Statryoopévous, G., 109, 5. H., 789, d. 
— éérewape, notice the force of the éf, ‘‘ out of the country.” — raxav, the 
Long Walls and the fortifications of Pireus. See Or. XII. § 40, Notes. — 
kalatpoupévoy...peOirrayevys, G., 16, 1. —wodturelas, see Or. XIT. $$ 73- 
76. — piv, G., 106, 2. H., 769.— dvdjjs, the military operations which 
resulted in the expulsion of the Thirty commenced in the occupation of 
Phyle by a force under Thrasybulus. Phyle, 14 miles from Athens, is a 


lotes. 67 


fortress on a precipitous rock, “* Phyle’s brow,” commanding the pass of Mt. 
Parnes, on the road from Thebes to Athens. — kateAOeitv, November, B. c. 
404. — tipepais, G., 188, 2. H., 610. 

5. — xatrot, a particle of very frequent occurrence in Lysias, compounded 
of xai and the enclitie ro, which is an old dative form equivalent to rg, and 
meaning therefore, certainly. In composition it adds a strengthening force. 
The compound xairo: signifies, (1) and certainly ; (2) and yet certainly ; 
and yet; (3) although. —eixos fv...émOupeiv, G., 49, 2, N.3, (a). H., 703. 
— tyovtes has the force of an imperfect, as will appear if the personal con- 
struction be translated by the impersonal, ‘‘nor does it appear that they 
had,” etc. See G., 16, 2. Sauppe prefers to read cxdvres. But the 
reference to the past is clear enough in the present participle; and besides, 
the aorist has a special sense not pertinent here. See H., 708. —pydtv 
éEanaptdavover, not Trois uw. €.; those who had committed no fault are not 
a distinct class from those who were out of the country (which the repe- 
tition of the article would intimate), but these latter just because of 
their absence were blameless. (Francken.) For the negative, G., 283, 4. 
H., 839. — wodtrelas, G., 170, 2. H., 574, a. — iripatov...Sfyov. Per- 
haps such a case as that of Theramenes (see Introd. to the following 
oration) was in the speaker’s mind. And yet the sense of the passage, 
as it stands, seems to take the edge off from Mantitheus’s argument, 
that the tyrants trusted no one who had done nothing wrong. Francken 
favors Reiske’s conjecture that, after rév djuov, ériuwy has dropped out. 
If so, the statement would agree with KXV.§ 13: rods mietoTa kaxd buds 
eipyaopévous eis Tas Tyas KabicTacay. 

6. — cavidiov, see Introduction. — taetew, i.e. dre trmevov. G.,15, 3, 
& R. 1. — éyyeypappévor (so Cobet), the proper term for the entering of 
names on a list, not émvyeypapuévor. — éxetvos, H., 679, b, last part. — 
edndloacée...dmeveynetv, G., 92, 1, & R. 1. —Karacracas, see Introd. — 
avatpétnte, G., 44, 2, & N. 1. 

7. —éuéz, emphatic. — daodelEcev, G., 50, 2, & 52, 2. — ocvvBlkots, see 
Introd. and General Note, 6. —atafardvra (so Bake, Francken, Froh- 
berger, and others, while Frei and Kayser regard the bracketed words as 
spurious); the refunding of the allowance would have been the decisive 
indication: xaraBadévra seems preferable to the common reading 7apaha- 
B4vra, both for that reason, and for the sake of the climax in which the 
three participles then stand, dreveyOévra...mapadobévra...karahaBivra. — 
zotto, H., 679, a. — dvayxaiov fv, see Note on eixds jv, § 5, above. — 
arod<lEcay, G., 54, 2, (b), and 50, 2, R. (a). — éxelvors Tots yedppacvy, 
i. e. the lists of the phylarchs. These, although just mentioned, are desig- 
nated more distantly as éxeivors in contrast with the cavid:ov, referred to 
by. rovros (ypdypacw), as either produced in court, or made specially 





68 Notes. 


prominent by the accuser. —t@ Bovdopéve, G., 108, 2. The participle 
here involves the protasis, ef tts BovorTo, or €BovdeTO, G., 51, and Note 3. 

8.— elwep Utrevoa...ovx dv iv, G., 49, 2, with R. (a.) & (b.)— as... 
merounkas, G., 113, N. 10. H., 795, e. —%glovv, has an implied &, de- 
rived from the preceding ov« ay jv. — amodel—as, equivalent to ef dwrédecka, 
G., 52. — Bovdetovras, “members of the senate.” — dere. Hyetobe, G., 
65, 3, Note. — pov, G., 173, 2, N. H., 583. — papripnoov; the witness 
was probably to testify as to the time of the absence and return; see § 4. 
The alibi was thus far the main point in his defence. —MAPTYPIA, see 
General Note, 8. 

9. — ov« 018’ & ti Set wrelw A€yav. Here begins the second and more 
discursive part of the oration. The case, so far as concerned the accusation 
now so thoroughly refuted, had been sufficiently argued. In an ordinary 
lawsuit, Mantitheus might well have rested here. But as wide range was 
allowed both to complaint and answer in the public scrutiny of the charac- 
ter of candidates for office (see General Note, 5, Aoxiywacia), he is not con- 
tent to have proved a mere negative, but now goes on to show that his 
actual life and character had been that of a praiseworthy citizen, entitled 
to such political rights as that now called in question. — arodoyeto Pat, 
G., 91. H., 763. — dxpodcacbar, G., 23, 1, & Rem. — rovjoopat, G., 
199, 2. H., 689. — 8a Bpaxvrérov, H., 629, PHRASES. 

10.—amparoy. The first point which Mantitheus makes is with refer- 
ence to his domestic and private affairs, ra tdca, as distinct from 7a Kowd, 
his social and public relations. — ovetas...xatadepbetons, G., 277, 5. 
H., 790, e. —ouppopas...tas Tis médews, in the course of the Pelopon- 
nesian War. — ém8ets, sons inherited the whole patrimony, but with the 
obligation of supporting their sisters, and providing them suitable mar- 
riage portions. — rptdkovra pvas = half a talent: a mina was worth about 
$18. — épodoyetv, acknowledged at that time and still acknowledges. G., 
15, 1, & Rem. —épot, G., 175. H., 585. —pySemarore...pndé...pdéev, G., 
283, 8, last part. H., 843. 

11. — Sid«qKa (so Sauppe and Frohberger), preferable to the common 
reading dugxyoa, on account of the preceding perfect, PeBiwxa. —éqrerkelas, 
literally ‘‘ moderation,” unassumingly covers the claim to a virtuous and 
honorable life. —ovotpevor, G., 199, 3. H., 690. — rovrous, here not 
strictly necessary, but subjoined to w)etora with significant emphasis, as 
if = ‘*these are they who talk and lie about me most.” — tav aitay, G., 
171, 2. H., 576. — éweOvpotpev, ‘‘we” = they and I. 

12, — dmodci~at, distinguish from differently accented forms. H., 367, 
R. e. — Slkynv...ypapyy...eloayycdlav...dyavas, see General Note, 7. dixy 
here denotes a private suit. This, however, would fall under the head of 
7a xowd, his social and public relations. — oxépacQe, G., 22. 


Notes. 69 


13, — mpdrov, subordinate to the mparov in § 10. See Analysis. — 
éroufjoasbe, G., 19, N. 4, b. H., 706.—[rovs], Rauchenstein brackets the 
article here, ‘‘ because Lysias omits the article before gentile nouns.” — 
Betwrots. The so-called Corinthian War, which was carried on by sea and 
land for some seven years, was fomented by the Persian satrap Tithraustes 
for the purpose of relieving the Asiatic provinces from the presence of a 
Spartan army, and of transferring the scene of hostilities to Greece. The 
Thebans headed an anti-Spartan league, and occasioned the outbreak of 
the war, B. c. 395. The resolution of Athens to send military aid to Thebes 
was her first emergence from the political eclipse which she had suifered 
at the close of the Peloponnesian War, and at the time when this force was 
sent, the city was still without fortifications and without ships. — eis 
‘AXlaprov, a city of Beeotia. Lysander, the conqueror of Athens, had 
been routed and slain before Haliartus prior to the arrival of the Athenian 
force. —’Op0oBovtdov, probably the phylarch of Mantitheus’s tribe. —etvat, 
G., 15, 2, N. 2. The Spartans were generally weak in the cavalry and 
strong in the infantry. Rauchenstein, after admitting the bracketed dei, 
remarks that it is better, with Francken and Cobet, to drop it, and instead, 
with Frohberger, to put dv. — évaBdavrey éwl trois trmous, ‘‘entered the 
cavalry service.” — a8oxwdorev, in violation of the rule which required 
that, before entering the service, both men and horses should undergo an 
examination satisfactory to the hipparchs. — é&adetyar, G., 23, 2, N. 4. — 
pedAovtos, G., 25,2. H., 711.—wapacxevicaytt, G., 138, N.8. H., 776, 
fine print. See éfdpvors, XII. § 31 and Note. 

14, tav Sypotay, the members of a deme served together. —6t x04, 
G., 70, 2, R. 1. H., 734, a, 735. — rods éxevras, G., 276, 2. — evve3od- 
Acvoy...g5wxa, G., 19, N. 2. — ards, G., 79, N. 1. H., 669, b. —Kexty- 
pévos, G., 200, N. 6. H., 712. — yévyrat, like dvamrpdénre, § 6, G., 44, 2, 
& N. 1. 

15. — eis Koéptv8ov, the Athenians sent some six thousand hoplites, about 
one fourth part of the heavy-armed force which the allies sent into the field 
against Sparta, with about six hundred cavalry. Thrasybulus commanded. 
— deqoet, the past thought quoted in the direct form, G., 77. What would 
the indirect form be ?— tis mpdrys, supply rd&ews, which Cobet inserts in 
the text. The genitive may be construed with some such word as é6r\irys 
understood ; G., 169, 2, N. H., 572. — 8vxruxycdens, in the battle of 
Nemea in the Corinthian territory about midsummer, 394. The Athenians 
were outflanked and severely handled. See Grote, IX. pp. 306-308. Cur- 
tius, 1V. 249. — rod oepvod Lreapias, ‘‘the grand Stirian,’”’ ironically. 
Thrasybulus was of the deme Stiria, in the phyle Pandionis. This refer- 
ence shows the oration to have been delivered while the events were recent, 
and before the death of Thrasybulus, who was slain near Aspendus, in 
Pamphylia, in 390. 


70 Notes. 


16. — xwplov loyvpav. The passes of the Isthmus remained as before, 
in the control of the forces of the League. Moreover, the camp to which 
many of the defeated allies retired was so strongly secured by the nature 
of the ground (cal yap jv Adovov 76 Xwplov, Xen. Hell. IV. 2, 19), that the 
victors did not attack. — py divacla, G., 283, 3. H., 837. —’Ayqor- 
Adov, the second monarch of that name, ‘‘ the ablest and most energetic of 
the Spartan kings” (Grote, X. 363, sq.), having been recalled from a career 
of victory in Asia to succor the Spartan interests in Greece, defeated the 
allied forces at Coronea in Beeotia, a few weeks after the battle of Nemea. 
— éu8adrdvros stands in the causal relation to Pyg¢iuauévwr. — Tav apxsy- 
tev ; these were the strategi. See General Note, 1. — amroywpica, ‘to 
detach.” — BorPAorovcr, G., 74,1, p. 162. See Note on dejoer, § 15, above. 
— Sewév, a touch of grim humor. — éyarytas, ‘‘ barely,” a meaning de- 
rived from the more radical signification ‘‘contentedly,” through the inter- 
mediate idea of what will no more than content. — dxAyperti, such a mat- 
ter was regularly determined by the lot. —7tdéfwv, here evidently in the 
sense of dvAjv, while, as supplied with rijs mpwrns, § 15, above, it denotes, 
more restrictedly, a single rank in order of battle. 

17. — rois...dgtodor, G., 184, 2. H., 595, b, last part. The constitu- 
tional scrutiny would prevent such cowards from holding office. — ¢yovsv. 
G., 54, 1, (a). — éxolovwv...e7dApov...émotovy, mark the proper force of the 
imperfects, as distinguished from aorists. —odx ds 0%, G., 283, 8. H., 844. 
— va, ci wore, the speaker states his past intention in the form of quota- 
tion. G., 74,1. In the direct form, caOstoraiuny would have been in the 
subjunctive, or the future indicative (G., 50, 1, & N. 1), and rvyxdvorus in 
the subjunctive after tva (G., 44), depending on the leading verb roijow, or 
mo.@, here érotovv. For another instance of this unconcealed avowal of an 
interested motive, see XXV. § 13. — tds ééSous, the article is here restric- 
tive = ‘‘those in which I took part,” G., 141, N. 2. H., 527, d. — wor- 
otpeves, G., 112, 2.—Kope, Hamaker’s widely approved emendation of 
the common reading ro\ug. With many imitators of the Spartan fashion 
(Aaxwvcrat, as they were called), Mantitheus let his hair and beard grow 
long. This would be taken by some to indicate his political sympathy with 
the foes from whom Athens had suffered most. Supply xp% before pucety. 
— For the rhyme-like ending of the two clauses, cxo7eiv...uucetvy, see XII. 
§ 1, note on dereiv, — &k...€eXdvTv: wpedeicAar ex is more commonly 
said with reference to things, bré with reference to persons. 

19. — pixpdy Stareyduevor, G., 109, 2. H., 789, b. Those who used a 
moderate tone and utterance would naturally be more persuasive with many 
than loud and fast talkers. —oAAG kaya tpas,G.,165. H., 555, 547, ¢. 

29.— The conclusion of the oration, so far as its form goes, is quite pe- 
culiar. Mantitheus takes occasion, from a minor objection that had been 





Notes. 71 


made to him, to conciliate the favor of his hearers by a frank and manly 
confession, § 20, while he puts his justification into the form, at the end, of 
a brief but graceful compliment to the tribunal, § 21. — yo@dpyy, G., 19, 
N. 4 (a). — ta tatra, H., 679, a2; compare da rodTo moeiv, § 18, above. 
— ru vedtepos dv érexe(pqoa, G., 81, 1. It was the rule in Solon’s time 
that persons of fifty years and upwards should have precedence in address- 
ing the assembly, but this had become obsolete. Would the imperfect, 
érexeipouv, have presented the thought any differently from the aorist ?— 
Tav uavtod teaypértev, H., 538, fine print. —Soxe...diareivar, G., 92, 2, 
N. 2. H., 777. — rpoyévev évOupotpevos; instead of the simple genitive 
(H., 576), the genitive with wep may be used. Compare évOumoupévous ex, 
and Note, VII. §30. The participle denotes cause. G., 109, 4. HH. . (ovate 

21. — ddA xpi Aéyetv, apologetically, since he intimates that they, if 
any, are to blame. — tototrous, ‘‘such” as those who undertake to address 
the assembly of the people. — égiovs, supply tijjs. Cobet reads rohdod 
dfiovs. — dpav apis, @., 52, 1. —rtt...dxGoebe, the protasis is thrown into 
the form of the subsequent declarative sentence. Stated in the regular 
conditional form, the thought would have been expressed thus: “And 
besides, if you more than others have to decide whether such persons are 
worthy or not, why should you be displeased with them ” (for endeavoring 
to gain your favor]? 

The abrupt conclusion is both pointed, and characteristic of the self- 
reliant temper of the speaker. 


72 Notes. 


THE ORATION AGAINST ERATOSTHENES. 


XII. 
INTRODUCTION. 


THE triumph of Sparta and her allies in the Peloponnesian War 
was an overthrow, throughout Greece, not only of the Athenian 
power, but of the democratical principles for which that power stood. 
The loss of the Athenian fleet at A’gospotami took place in Septem- 
ber, B. c. 405. About November, the victorious fleet commenced the 
blockade of Pirzeus, while the Peloponnesian army encamped at the 
gates of Athens. In April, the entry of Lysander into the city at 
once terminated the famine-agonies of the siege, and introduced the 
miseries of the year of misrule,— “the anarchy” (dvapyia) as it was 
ever afterwards called by the Athenians, as the period during which 
the constitutional government was suspended. The dark picture 
which is presented in this oration is the more impressive, because it 
is but a specimen of a widespread condition of things at that time. 
Says Mr. Grote : “ Lysander, in all the overweening insolence of vic- 
tory, while rewarding his devoted partisans with an exaltation com- 
prising every sort of license and tyranny, stained the dependent cities 
with countless murders, perpetrated on private as well as public 
grounds.” — Vol. IX. p. 188. And again : “ We shall be warranted 
in affirming, that the first years of the Spartan empire, which tol- 
lowed upon the victory of Augospotami, were years of all-pervading 
tyranny, and multifarious intestine calamity, such as Greece had 
never before endured.” — Jb., p. 191. 

Immediately after the capture of the fleet, the oligarchical party 
commenced organization by appointing a managing committee of five, 
subserviently called by the Spartan name of Ephors, § 43. After the 
surrender of the city, the next step was the accusation and imprison- 
ment of the leaders of the democratical party, some account of which 
is given by Lysias in his Oration against Agoratus (XIII.), who acted 
as the tool of the oligarchs. Then, under the protection of Lysande1’s 
presence, who came from Samos for the purpose, § 71, the revolution 
was consummated in a popular assembly, by means of the menaces 


Notes. 73 


narrated in § 74. The Thirty being thus clothed with power, about 
June, 404, Lysander returned to finish the siege of Samos, but a 
Spartan garrison at the service of the tyrants was sent to keep the 
Acropolis, § 94, under Callibius, —a man whom even Lysander cen- 
sured for his insolence to the conquered, — besides which the Thirty 
maintained their own band of ruffians ready to execute without flinch- 
ing the most flagitious commands. 

Under the democratical constitution the accused had been entitled 
to trial either by the numerous jury-court called the dicastery, or by 
the senate, or by the assembly of the people. But by the Thirty 
many were put to death without trial, §§ 17, 82, while of those who 
were tried before the senate, newly composed as it now was of the 
appointees of the Thirty, the fate was generally secured beforehand, 
though sometimes not without the intimidating even of such a body. 
In the great number of cases brought before this tribunal, the only 
acquittal pronounced was in the case of the informer Agoratus, who 
was set free in return for his evidence. While a few justly obnoxious 
persons perished at first, a far greater number of worthy citizens were 
soon seized and executed, among them not only men who had served 
the state with munificence and ability, but even some of the best 
members of the oligarchical party itself. In the perpetration of these 
crimes even respectable citizens were forced to render service, §§ 39, 
90, so that, by becoming compromised in the doings of the Thirty, 
they might, for their own safety’s sake, be disinclined to a counter- 
revolution, in which power might pass into avenging hands. 

Excesses like these roused immediate opposition. In the circle of 
the Thirty itself there was a section of less fanatical sentiments led by 
Theramenes. He had at first been as forward as any to sanguinary 
measures. But, partly from sagacious foresight of the ruinous conse- 
quences of an unmitigated policy, and partly from jealousy of the pre- 
dominating influence of Critias, he began to play the part of an op- 
position leader, declaring that regard must be had to public opinion, 
and support for the government must be looked for in the community 
which they governed. These views would probably have controlled 
the policy of the body in favor of milder measures, had it not been for 
an audacious stroke of Critias, who suddenly overawed the senate with 
an armed force, and handed Theramenes over at once to the ministers 
of death. Such a death not only redeemed his character in some sort, 
but even secured to him an extravagant degree of praise, as a martyr 


74 Notes. 


to the cause of justice. That this posthumous credit of Theramenes 
furnished some political capital to men like Eratosthenes, is clear from 
the elaborate effort which Lysias makes in this oration, §§ 62-78, 
to exhibit Theramenes, with whom Eratosthenes claimed to have 
acted, in the odious character which was really his. 

More successful were the operations which Thrasybulus, at the head 
of a small armed force of exiles, with aid from Beeotia, commenced in 
November, 404, by the seizure of the stronghold of Phyle, fourteen 
miles north of Athens, and followed up in a few days by the occupa- 
tion of Munychia, the acropolis of Pireus. The pulling down a 
part of the walls of Pireeus, instead of keeping Athens at the feet of 
her conquerors, had opened a road to her liberators. In Pirzeus the 
ruin of maritime interests had intensified the popular discontent, and 
the number to whom the liberators might look for reinforcements had 
been swelled by the influx of more than five thousand fugitives from 
Athens. And when the Thirty endeavored at once to carry by assault 
the strong position which Thrasybulus had taken on the hill of 
Munychia, a defeat followed, in which seventy of the assailants were 
slain, and, what was of especial consequence, Critias himself fell, to- 
gether with Hippomachus, another of the Thirty. As an immediate 
result, the moderate party among the oligarchs became predominant, 
and the Thirty gave place, about February, 403, to the Ten, § 54. 
Only one of the Thirty, Phidon, became a member of the new board. 
Eratosthenes, however, remained with him in the city, inspiring the 
councils of the government, § 58, though not nominally holding 
power. The rest of the surviving members of the deposed board re- 
tired to Eleusis, which, by the seizure and execution of a large nuin- 
ber of innocent citizens, § 52, they had previously taken care to make 
secure for themselves as a city of refuge. 

Instead, however, of any accommodation with the exiles resulting, 
as had been hoped, from the change of rulers, hostilities continued 
between the city and Pirzeus, § 55, a struggle whose terms, as Lysias 
bitterly says, were such that the city men, if victorious, would be 
enslaved by usurpers, while the humiliation and suffering of defeat 
must be borne in order to obtain equal rights with the conquerors, 
§ 92. In this struggle, Lysias himself, despoiled though he had been 
by the Thirty, lent valuable aid, contributing two hundred shields, 
and two thousand drachms in cash, besides hiring three hundred fresh 
soldiers, and negotiating a loan of two talents from his friend Thra- 


Notes. 75 


sydzeus of Elis. With such a spirit among the patriots, with continual 
accessions from the numerous exiles, and with some aid from other 
cities, the Pireeus party kept the city party on the defensive, until 
the intervention of a Spartan force at the call of the Ten, § 60. 

Had Lysander, whom the Ten had expressly desired as commander 
of these succors, § 59, taken control of affairs at that crisis, it would 
have gone ill with Thrasybulus and his compatriots. But such indig- 
nation had been excited even among the confederates of Sparta by the 
Lysandrian policy as displayed in Athens and the other subjugated 
cities, that it became the interest of Sparta to rid Athens of her 
misery. And so, after Lysander had been sent forth to settle in his 
own way the disturbances at Athens, the king Pausanias, his personal 
and political opponent, having won over to his views a majority of 
the Ephors, was appointed, in May, to supersede him in the chief 
command. Under his auspices, after some fighting and long negotia- 
tion, at the end of ten months of civil war, peace was re-established, in 
September, 403. The exiles in Pirzeus were restored, and a general 
amnesty was sworn to, from whose benefits there were excepted only 
the Thirty, the Eleven who had executed their sentences, and the Ten 
who had governed in Pirzeus (not to be confounded with the Ten who 
had succeeded the Thirty). The democratical constitution was now 
immediately restored as soon as possible ; but the practice of payment 
for the performance of the duties of citizenship was not re-established. 

Under the new order of things, however, Eleusis was left in posses- 
sion of the Thirty and their adherents, an asylum for all refugees of 
that party, and a stronghold of conspiracy and treason. It was not 
long before their proceedings provoked the Athenians to take the field 
against them with the entire force of the city. In the course of these 
hostilities the generals of the oligarchs were seized and put to death. 
After the flight of the rest of the Thirty and other obnoxious persons, 
Eleusis was re-incorporated, with oaths of mutual amnesty and har- 
mony, in one political community with Athens. 

But when the exiles had returned, impoverished, and smarting 
under the wrongs which had been inflicted on them and their inno- 
cent relatives, especially as they daily felt the hateful presence of the 
men who, for revenge or gain, had committed or abetted those outrages, 
attempts weré not wanting, in evasion of the amnesty, to seek repara- 
tion by instituting legal proceedings against the guilty parties. In 
consequence of such attempts it became necessary, in the year after 


76 Notes. 


the restoration, to pass the law of Archinus, by which any defendant 
in such cases was entitled to plead the amnesty in bar of all proceed- 
ings. 

Previous to this, and probably while the exiled tyrants were still 
in occupation of Eleusis, Lysias brought his complaint against Era- 
tosthenes, who, with Phidon, seems to have remained in the city. 
The compact which excluded the Thirty from the amnesty conceded 
even to them the privilege of remaining, if they were ready to submit 
their conduct as members of the government to the judgment of the 
people (see General Note to the next oration, 2, Huthyne). In ven- 
turing on this course Eratosthenes probably placed reliance on the 
posthumous credit of Theramenes as a martyr, which he might claim 
to share as having acted with him. Liysias certainly seems conscious 
of a strong prejudice in a portion of his hearers in favor of Eratos- 
thenes. The selection of the dicasts by lot brought, of course, men 
of all parties into the panel. Some there doubtless were who, how- 
ever they disliked the Thirty, were not of the popular party, and not 
likely to vote with it in the secret suffrage of the dicastery, § 91. 
Others, either voluntarily or by constraint, had so compromised them- 
selves with the Thirty, as to be too lenient judges. Some may have 
felt that, if Eratosthenes were convicted, they might not themselves 
be safe. Furthermore, men of standing and eloquence were ready to 
speak for Eratosthenes, § 86, and there was no lack of persons to tes- 
tify in his favor, §§ 87, 88. 

In contending against these adverse influences, and in appealing to 
the sympathies and the patriotism of his hearers, Lysias seems to 
have bent all his genius to the performance of the sacred duty which, 
both according to Athenian custom, § 24, and in obedience to natural 
impulses, he owed to his murdered brother. As, however, the guilt 
of that murder could not be brought directly home to Eratosthenes, 
who could plausibly contend, § 25, that he had been forced by his 
colleagues to make the arrest, and that he had then pleaded, though 
in vain, for the life of the prisoner ; Lysias does not confine himsel? 
to his personal complaint. This occupies, in fact, only the first third 
of the oration, beyond which Lysias proceeds, in behalf of his injured 
country, to enlarge upon the whole iniquitous and treasonable career 
of the Thirty, in which he contends that Eratosthenes, as a voluntary 
partner of the usurpers, was equally inculpated and responsible. 

_ We can easily conceive what public interest must have been excited 


Notes. 77 


in this, the first important judicial proceeding after the restoration of 
the constitution. A discourse so charged with just resentment toward 
the authors of so many private wrongs and public disasters, pronounced, 
as it was, before the deep impressions of two years of misery and dis- 
honor had begun to fade away, must have waked stirring echoes in 
many a patriotic bosom and many a bereaved heart. The orator com- 
mends himself to us also by his modesty as well as his eloquence, such 
is the reticence which he maintains respecting those praiseworthy ex- 
ertions and sacrifices, known to all, which he had put forth for the 
enfranchisement of his adopted city. Undoubtedly first in order of 
composition among the author's orations, this one is not inferior to any 
either in interest or in merit. In his capacity as prosecutor in such 
a cause, Lysias had the opportunity, which otherwise he would have 
lacked, to plead the cause of the city itself. In so doing, he was able 
to review the whole of the recent history of the city, and to instruct 
the people, as a political leader, upon their situation and its duties. 
And so his discourse rises from a mere plea for justice upon a criminal, 
to the rank of a statesmanlike oration. 

It is a singular circumstance that no record is extant of the result 
of so important a trial, so that we must remain without the satisfac- 
tion of knowing that Lysias gained his case. 





GENERAL NOTE ON POINTS OF THE ATHENIAN CON- 
STITUTION TOUCHED IN THIS ORATION. 


1. The Archons. After the kingly office ceased in Athens, the chief 
magistrate was styled archon (apxev). This office, at first for life, and 
then for a term of ten years, became, B. Cc. 683, an annual magis- 
tracy, and its honors and duties were distributed between nine 
individuals, who, after a time, instead of election by suffrage, were 
designated by lot. The chief of these, styled by eminence the ar- 
chon, gave his name to the year of his office, and was thence called 
the archon eponymus (émévupos) ; he was the legal protector of widows 
and orphans, and judge in certain family matters. The next, or king 
archon (4pyev BaouAevs), had superintendence in matters of religion, 
and in cases of homicide, which it was his duty to bring before 
the Areopagus. The third archon, styled the polemarch (mod€papxos), 


78 Notes. 


was commander of the army, and judge in disputes between citizens 
and non-citizens. Hach of these three had also the superintendence 
of particular religious festivals. The remaining six, styled legislators 
(@eopoderat), had it for their duty to report to the people every year 
on the subject of the revision of the laws, and to be judges in matters 
not reserved to the superior archons. But the chief part of their 
duties was in the receiving of informations, and in bringing cases to 
trial in the courts. After the Persian War, the archons were with- 
drawn from political and military duties, and their judicial power 
was limited to the imposition of small fines. From the time of 
Pericles, the archon simply received complaints, and conducted the 
preliminary inquiries, fixed the day of trial, and presided over the 
dicastery which heard and decided the case. The person of an ar- 
chon, when wearing the official chaplet of myrtle, was sacred ; he had 
the privilege of exemption from the trverarchy (see Trierarch), and 
at the expiration of his year of office, if his record was such as to 
bear the customary scrutiny, he became a member of the Areopagus 
(see Areopagus). 

2. The Areopagus (6 *Apevos mayos) was a rocky eminence opposite 
the western end of the Acropolis, and in close proximity. The name 
vas transferred to the council or senate which assembled there, holding 
its sittings in the open air. Instituted in remote antiquity, and origi- 
nally the sole council of the city, it retained its pristine honor more 
permanently than any other part of the Athenian constitution. Its 
powers, varying at different periods, were of a somewhat elastic and 
discretionary nature, and were regulated to some extent by that 
public opinion of the better citizens which the body was supposed 
to reflect. It was composed exclusively of past archons, sitting in it 
for life after the expiration of their archonship. It had particular 
oversight of matters connected with religion, and of cases of homi- 
cide ; while at one time, as supervisor in general of the public morals, 
it exercised functions analogous to those of the Roman censors. In 
times of emergency, the Areopagus seems to have acted as a Vigilance 
Committee, or as a Committee of Safety, § 69, and miscellaneous 
public matters were from time to time referred to it. As the single 
political body which was neither elective nor otherwise responsible 
to the people, it formed for some time an obstacle to the complete 
development of democratical principles (see Curtius, Hist. II. p. 420 
sqq.), until, about B. c. 461, Ephialtes, in conjunction with Pericles, 


Notes. 79 


carried a law which abolished its political power. Thenceforward, 
although retaining its judicial competence chiefly in cases of homi- 
cide, and shorn of its amplest powers, it was still retained during the 
period of the freest democracy as a venerable relic of the primitive 
aristocratic institutions, and, especially in its capacity of a criminal 
court, enjoyed a reputation of long continuance. After the restora- 
tion of the constitution, B. c. 403, the Areopagus regained its ancient 
dignity as guardian of the commonwealth, by being intrusted with 
the duty of seeing to the accurate observance and the unimpaired 
preservation of the newly arranged laws. 

3. The Athenian Dicast (8txaotns) was a member of a dicastery 
(Sixaornpiov), a body which sat to give judgment (dicd¢ew) in pro- 
ceedings at law. By the laws of Solon, B. c. 594, the assembly of 
the people had the power of reviewing and pronouncing upon the 
administration of the archons, at the expiration of their year of office. 
In the time of Clisthenes, B. c. 509, the collective body of citizens 
above thirty years of age appears to have been convoked and sworn 
to try persons accused of public crimes, and in such a capacity to 
have borne the name of heliasts (jAtacrat), or the helica (pdcaia). 
But as the extension of the sway of Athens brought more and more 
law business to that city, the accumulation of that business made it 
necessary to subdivide the heliasts. In the time of Pericles, nearly 
the whole judicial power, in civil cases as well as criminal, was trans- 
ferred to the dicasteries thus formed. Six hundred citizens being 
annually selected by lot from each of the ten tribes, five sixths of the 
total number were divided into sections, or panels, of five hundred 
each, in which members of all the tribes were thrown together indis- 
criminately, while the remaining thousand were held as a reserve 
from which to fill vacancies. The thesmothete, or six junior ar- 
chons, decided by lot which panel should sit, and where, and who 
should preside at the trial. In some important cases two or more 
panels were united, sometimes only a fraction of a panel sat, but the 
usual number was a full five hundred. Not only Athenians, but the 
subject allies also were amenable to these tribunals, whose number, 
whose assignment by lot, and whose secret ballot, § 91, prevented that 
intimidation or corruption to which smaller or differently constituted 
bodies might have been liable. The dicasts were sworn in collec- 
tively at the beginning of their annual term of service. The court- 
rooms were painted of different colors, and each had its letter of the 


80 Notes. 

alphabet inscribed over the doorway. Each dicast also bore a staff, on 
which was painted the color and the letter of the court allotted to 
him. The dicasts sat on benches spread with rugs or matting. The 
advocates, during their addresses, occupied an elevated stand: (Ba). 
“The city,” says Curtius, “resembled a vast court of law, when, 
early in the morning, the hosts of jurymen, the fourth part of the 
entire civic body, were seen moving.” (Hist., II. p. 499.) For each 
day of service the dicast received at first one, and afterwards three 
oboli. At the latter rate, the annual amount of the dicasts’ fees, in 
the most flourishing period of the city, was one hundred and fifty 
talents. 

The dicastery, in giving its verdict, voted by ballot (pjpov pépew). 
The most common way was for each dicast to drop into a box one 
of two pebbles or balls of stone (Wydor), which had been furnished 
him. One of these was black, and the other white ; or one was 
pierced, and the other whole: the white pebble, or the whole one, 
meant acquittal (drownpiter@a); the others, condemnation (xara- 
wWnpi¢er6a). The pebble not used in the, ballot was dropped into 
another box, and thus the secrecy of the ballot was secured. 

For a discussion of the practical working of the dicasteries, and a 
comparison of them with modern juries, see the valuable remarks of 
Grote, Hist., V. pp. 385 — 400. 

4. A Synegorus was one who pleaded a case at law in behalf of 
another. The traditional usage at Athens for parties to plead their 
own cases in court was modified by the development of law, and the 
cultivation of rhetoric, which put unlearned and inexperienced men 
at disadvantage with better versed opponents. A class of men sprang 
up, of whom Antiphon, § 67, first became distinguished, who gave 
legal advice to others, and wrote speeches for clients. Lysias him- 
self, as well as Iseeus and Isocrates, obtained considerable income by 
such speech-writing : these were Aoyoypddo., as distinguished from 
avvyyopot. In general, while a party was still expected to speak for 
himself, the old rule was relaxed, so that, after a short speech, he 
might obtain permission to yield the floor to his more capable friend, 
or ouyyyopos. Thus the principal speeches were frequently made by 
the advocate, as being dewds A€yev, § 86. But as no fees were suffered 
to be paid for this service, the advocate was expected to show the 
court what motive led him to appear. 

As to the number of advocates allowed in any one case, there was 


Noles. 81 


only this limitation, that the time allowed to a side was all the same, 
whatever the number of speakers. Each party had two opportunities 
to be heard ; the plaintiff opening, and the defendant replying ; then 
the plaintiff speaking again, and the defendant closing. 

In criminal trials, it was common to have several speakers for the 
prosecution ; especially in cases where the state was materially inter- 
ested. A public advocate employed by the state to assist in a prose- 
cution was allowed the fee of a drachm. 

5. A Liturgy (Aecrovpyia) was a personal service which was required 
of certain citizens, who, as larger property-holders, were expected to 
be larger burden-bearers. Liturgies were classified as ordinary and 
extraordinary, and the former class might be imposed on any citizen 
—save a few specially exempted — who possessed as much as three 
talents. These liturgies came in turn to the members of the several 
tribes who possessed the requisite property, but not more than one 
liturgy at a time, and not oftener than every other year. The tax 
thus imposed on the wealthy was in general liberally discharged 
(see the next oration, § 13, and the following oration, §31). To fulfil 
only the letter of the requisition seemed to many incompatible with 
true public spirit. Nor were cases wanting in which a wealthy citi- 
zen would volunteer to undertake a liturgy out of turn. In times 
of stringency, a liturgy was sometimes undertaken by two persons 
jointly, especially the choregia and the trierarchy, which latter is the 
only liturgy which may be properly classed as extraordinary. 

6. An Athenian Trierarch (rpujpapxos) was charged with somewhat 
more than the duty, which is implied in his title, of commanding a 
trireme. 

Though sometimes wealthy citizens patriotically furnished and 
served in their own ships, yet ordinarily the state provided the tri- 
erarchs with their vessels, at least the hulls and masts. Like modern 
ships, each trireme in the Athenian navy had its name, as “the 
Siren,” “the Liberty,” “the Democracy,” etc. The Athenian harbors 
were calculated for four hundred triremes ; three hundred was the 
normal number held in readiness for service, capable of taking on 
board a force of sixty thousand men. Sixty triremes regularly 
cruised in the Aigean as a police squadron and for practice. The 
equipment, certainly in the Sicilian expedition, B. c. 415, was at the 
cost of the trierarchs ; and at a later period, when triremes were fitted 
out from the public stores, repairs were at their expense, while they 

6 


82 Notes. 


were also obliged to return in good condition the rigging and equip- 
ments which they had received. Sometimes, from motives of display, 
a trierarch would go to unnecessary expense with his own means in 
the outfit of his ship. The procuring of a crew made another item 
of cost to the trierarch. Among the crews were many aliens, freed- 
men, and slaves, but the nucleus of each crew consisted of Athenian 
citizens. These were ordinarily obtained through the demarchs from 
the several demes; but it occasionally became necessary for the 
trierarchs to give bounties to induce fit persons to serve. To meet 
such costs, a client of Demosthenes, B. c. 361, had even to mortgage 
his estate. Pay and provisions for the sailors and marines were sup- 
plied at the public cost. The expense to the trierarch of his year of 
office averaged about 50 mine, or over $944. 

After B. c. 358, the burdens of the trierarchy, which had pre- 
viously been borne in turn by the individual members of the tribes, 
were distributed among the twelve hundred richest citizens, grouped 
in twenty symmories (ovppopiat) of sixty members each. 

7. The Choregia (xopnyia) was the most expensive of the Athenian 
liturgies of the ordinary kind. The burdens of the office lay in 
providing choruses of different kinds for the various dramatic and 
other performances connected with the public festivals. 

Dramatic entertainments were not of daily occurrence at Athens, 
as with us, but were exhibited at great festivals, the Lenewa and the 
Dionysia, held in honor of Dionysus (or Bacchus). At such times, 
the theatre was crowded the day Jong, while play after play was 
acted. When a poet wished to bring out a play, application was 
made to the second archon, or in case of the great Dionysia, te the 
first archon, who, if the play were deemed deserving, nominated a 
choregus (xopnyés), whose duty it was to bring out the play with a 
suitable chorus (xépos). In the earliest times the choregus himself 
led the chorus, as his name — chorus-leader — implies. It was at the 
poet’s option to train the chorus himself, or to have the services of a 
professional trainer. From the time of Sophocles the ordinary cho- 
rus for a tragedy was composed of fifteen. In a comedy, the number 
of the chorus was commonly twenty-four. The specific duties of the 
choregus were to procure the choreutée (yopevrai), or members of the 
chorus, to provide a trainer and a training-room, to pay and support 
both the trainer and his class during their preparations, and furnish 
the necessary costumes for the exhibition, The burden of the chore- 


Notes. 83 


gia varied with the nature of the chorus; the expense of a single 
chorus averaged perhaps half a talent, or about $550. The emula- 
tion of the choregi made the service the more expensive. The chore- 
gus who was judged to have done the best received the prize of a 
tripod. The whole expense of the play, however, by no means de- 
volved upon the choregus. Demosthenes reproved his countrymen 
with lavishing larger sums on their festivals than on their naval 
service. ‘Count the cost of their tragedies,” says Plutarch ; “you 
will find that their Gidipuses and Antigones and Medeas and Elec- 
tras cost more than their wars for supremacy with the other Greeks, 
and their struggles for freedom against the barbarians.” 

8. The Lisphora (eiohopa) was an extraordinary tax on property, 
levied whenever the burdens of war required. It was laid by a 
decree of the assembly, and collected under the superintendence of the 
strategi. To defray the expenses of the siege of Mytilene, B. c. 428, 
the sum of 200 talents was thus raised at one time. 

9. A Metacus (pérocxos) was a resident foreigner. Athens, as the 
commercial emporium and literary centre of Greece, was the favorite 
resort and residence of strangers from every quarter. ‘ Whoever,” 
says Curtius, “considered himself an adept in his art, was aware that 
no place existed where he would meet with a readier recognition or 
with ampler gains.” (Hist., II. p. 539.) The population of Attica 
was about half a million, of whom 90,000 were citizens, 45,000 meteeci, 
and 365,000 slaves. The civic duties required of the native Athe- 
nians were so engrossing as to throw nearly all business, industrial 
and mercantile, into the hands of metceci, who on this account re- 
sided mostly in Pireeus. The Athenian metcecus was subject to the 
same burdens as the citizen, certain liturgies excepted ; was obliged 
to serve in both the army and the fleet ; was taxed somewhat higher 
than citizens of the same valuation, besides being subject to an 
annual alien-tax of twelve drachms on each family. Yet he was not 
permitted to become a real-estate owner, but must live in a hired 
house, and must have some citizen for patron (mpoordrns), through 
whom alone he could transact legal business, private or public. An 
Athenian metcecus might, however, like Lysias, obtain the isotely 
(icoreAera), a condition of immunity from the disadvantages of aliens, 
which was inferior in privilege only to the condition of the na- 
tive citizen, who possessed the right of suffrage and was eligible to 
office. In the war of liberation which Thrasybulus waged, the re- 


84 Votes. 


ward of isotely was promised to all aliens who should assist the 
patriot cause. 

10. A Sycophant (cvxopavrns, literally, a fig-shower) was originally 
a person who informed against another for exporting figs. The expor- 
tation of figs had been prohibited by law at an early period in the 
history of Attica; and this law, though it had ceased to be sustained 
by public sentiment, was meanly made use of by some informers 
from motives of gain. Their practices were facilitated by the Athe- 
nian policy of encouraging the detection of offences by permitting 
any person to prosecute any offender in court. But the obnoxious 
character of such informations under an almost obsolete law indeli- 
bly stained the name of sycophant as a term of reproach, denoting 
the bringer of malicious and vexatious accusations. The evil import 
of the term expanded, conformably to the usual character of the 
class of persons to whom it was originally applied. And s0, its 
primary meaning disappearing, it came to signify, in general, a slan- 
derer, a black-mailer, a lying scoundrel, an extortioner. Neverthe- 
less, as the informer, in case of conviction, received half the penalty, 
and as guilty persons were often glad to pay hush-money, the dis- 
graceful business had no lack of followers, and the most stringent 
laws were not able to suppress the evil. 


To the preceding references to the political and social constitution 
of Athens the following, of a more miscellaneous nature, are sub- 
joined, derived mainly from Bancroft’s Literary and Historical Mis- 
cellanies, art. Economy of Athens. 

11. Attic Money. If Bockh’s estimate of the Attic talent as worth 
5,625 francs be accepted, then (the franc being now worth 19-8, cents) 
a talent = $1,085-+. The following table exhibits the values and 
equivalents of the several denominations :— 


1 obolus (dBo0Ads) = $0.03 

6 oboli = 1 drachme (Spaxpy) = 0.181 
100 drachme = 1 mina (uva) = 18.09 
60 mine = 1 talent (raAavtov) = 1,085.00 + 


The same authority reckons the Attic gold stater, the Cyzicene stater, 
and the daric as of equal value, each worth about 20 drachms, or 
$3.62. Smith’s Dict. Anc. Geog., art. Cyzicus, reckons the Cyzicene 
as = 28 drachms, or $5.06. 

The ratio between ancient and modern prices is stated as one to three. 
This does not vary much from the result obtained by comparing the 


Notes. 85 


prices of wheat. Wheat brought at Athens, B. c. 390-380, thirty- 
six cents a bushel; in the age of Demosthenes, sixty cents was a 
moderate price. Wheat is quoted at Boston this summer (1875) at 
from $1.17 to $1.48. 

The cost of living at Athens. A house could be bought for a price 
varying from $54 to $2,160, according to size, location, and quality. 
$1,000 would buy a very fair house. Twice that sum was an ex- 
treme price. ‘The average price of an acre of good land in Attica 
was $36. Estates were small and greatly subdivided. 

Provisions were cheap. The retailer of wheat was restricted toa 
profit of three cents ona bushel. The wine of Attica brought about 
two cents a quart, and a fair article could be had for half that sum. 
The best beeves brought, in prosperous times, from $9 to $13.20. 
Board was, as we say, reasonable. Demosthenes, his mother and 
sister, together paid for their board $126 a year, providing the house 
besides. 

As to clothing, a good cloak might cost $2.16 ; a fashionable coat, 
$3.60. A good quality of women’s shoes could be had for 36 cents 
a pair; men’s ditto, a showy article, $ 1.44. 

Manual labor could be hired for twelve cents a day. This was not 
bad, considering the rates of salaries. Senators received 18 cents for 
each day of service ; jurymen, half that sum. A foot-soldier received 
36 cents a day for pay and rations for himself and attendant, the 
officers twice, and the generals only four times that amount. “Stars” 
at the theatres, however, were paid as liberally as now-a-days. The 
highest sum mentioned is $1,085 for two days’ service. 

Travelling was not expensive. From gina to Pireus, sixteen 
miles, the fare was six cents. From Egypt to Pontus, thirty-six 
cents. 

Funerals were expensive. The cost of a funeral would pay for a 
house. The scale ran from $54 to $2,160. 

The quantity of fuel that an ass could carry sold for 36 cents. 

Slaves outnumbered the free population three to one, and could be 
bought cheap. Prices varied from $8.25 to $30. A skilful work- 
man would bring about $90. Everybody, even the poorest, was 
served by slave-labor. 

12. Athens and Pireus, the city and port, although enclosed within 
the same fortifications, and inseparably united as a double city, — see 
Note to §40 of this oration, — were internally as unlike as possible. 


86 ~ Notes. 


“While Athens, hastily rebuilt amidst her ruins, as necessity de- 
manded, was disorderly, devoid of plan, and full of narrow and 
crooked lanes, the Pirzeus, on the other hand, was a modern city, with 
large open places, roomy cloistered halls, broad and rectangular 
streets, — in its entirety a work of art, the creation of Hippodamus.” 
(Curtius, Hist., II. 611.) In the city, the houses were of wood or 
unburnt brick, of a single story generally, and often unsightly and 
mean. The city contained about 10,000 houses. The public build- 
ings were disproportionately costly. The Propylea, or Gateway of 
the Acropolis, cost $2,183,020; and the docks (see Note to §99 of 
this oration), $1,085,620. 


“‘Privatus illis census erat brevis, 


Commune magnum.” 
Hor. Od, II. 15, 13. 


NOTES. 
XII. 


ANALYSIS. 
(For the filling up of this outline, see the Notes in successive sections.) 


Part A. — SPECIFIC PLEA UPON THE INDICTMENT FOR MURDER. 
I. Introduction, §§ 1-3. 
II. Narration of the facts, §§ 4-20. 
III. Comments on the facts narrated, §§ 20-23. 
IV. Confirmatory, §§ 24-26. 
a. By examination of the defendant, § 25. 
b. By discussion of his statements, §§ 26-36. 
Part B.— GENERAL ARRAIGNMENT OF THE DEFENDANT AS A TRAITOR AND TYRANT 
WORTHY OF DEATH, § 87 sqq. 
I. Narration of his political career, §§ 39-61. 
II. Refutation of his claim to fayor on the score of Theramenes, §§ 62-80. 
III. Comments on the complete case, §§ §1- 91. 
IV. Appeal to the jury, §§ 92-98. 
V. Peroration, §§ 99, 100. 


1. — &ptacbar, H., 691. The exordiwm of the oration includes the first 
three sections, in which, respectively, the orator sets forth (1) the impor- 
tance of the case, (2) its peculiarity, and (8) his own inability to do it jus- 
tice. — dv8pes Stxacrat, see General Note, 8, dvépes is here used, like our 


Notes. 87 


‘*gentlemen,” as an appellation of respect. See Buttmann’s Gr., § 123, 
N. 6. —karnyoplas, H., 574, b. — A€yovtt, the concluding word attracted 
by the introductory moi: see XVI. § 13, Note on wapacxevdcayte: Aéyovra 
could also have been used. — rovatra, the omission of ydp makes the style 
more energetic. —avroits. Although Eratosthenes only was indicted, yet 
the orator means to make him the scapegoat of the Thirty. Hence the 
frequent alternations between references to him and to them throughout 
this oration. — péye9os, strictly denoting magnitude, has here a qualitative 
force in connection with the qualitative roaira = ‘‘such in enormity.” 
— evdspevov...dtivac0ar, G., 52,1; 53. For the position of dy, G., 42, 
Note 1. dy might have been repeated with the second disjunctive, G., 
42, 3. —avayxy, “scarcely found construed otherwise than in this ellip- 
tical manner.” (Butimann’s Gr., § 129, N. 18.) Supply éori. — dmearrety 
...emAumety ; notice the rhyme-like ending, duovorédevrov, —a rhetorical 
ornament not uncommon both in Greek and Latin rhetoricians. Compare 
with the introductory thought, ov« dpéac@a:, as amplified in this section, 
the remark of Cicero in beginning his oration for the Manilian law: ‘‘hujus 
autem orationis dificilius est exitum quam principium invenire ; ita mihi 
non tam copia quam modus tn dicendo queerendus est.” 

2. — év T@ TPO TOD xpévm = ‘‘aforetime,”’ literally, ‘‘in the time before 
the (present).” For apd rod, see G., 148, 2. H., 525, d. — ex @pav...ém- 
Setar, in justification of the complaint, inasmuch as false accusations were 
often brought by the so-called sycophants (see General Note, 10, Sycophant) 
against persons with whom they had no just quarrel. Compare Cicero in 
defence of Roscius, § 55: ‘‘nemo nostrum est, Eruci, quin sciat tibi inimi- 
citias cum Sex. Roscio nullas esse: vident omnes qua de causa huie inimicus 
venias ; sciunt hujusce pecunia te adductunr esse. —tx8pav, H., 726. — 
Hrs etn, G., 68, 3, and 70, 2. — tods gevyovtas ; in law, gevyw had the 
echnical meaning of ‘‘to be prosecuted” ; hence, 6 ¢evyow = “the defend- 
ant.” — ts iv, G., 70, 1. — av0’ Srov, “‘in consequence of which,” H., 
813; see av@’ forwos, XXV., § 12. —a@s odk Exav. See XVI, § 8, as... 
memonxws, and Note. —éxOpas kal ovpdopds, the latter term is coupled 
with the former as being its consequent; the calamities were caused by 
enemies. — tovds Adyous trovotpat ; Adyor has sometimes in forensic use the 
specific meaning of accusations. See XXV., § 2, rovodvra: rods Adyous. — 
abPovlas ovens, G., 111. 

3.— mpdéfas, G., 109, 7. The orator desires indulgence toward his 
maiden speech. — rotrov, H., 583, fine print. — wore katéoryy, see XVI., 
§ 2, Note on wore éXrigfw. The aorist is here nearly equivalent to the pres- 
Gat; G.,° 30,1, Wo, “<1 am frequently quite despondent lest,” ete., and 
hence governs the mood of the dependent sentence like a primary tense. — 
tmroncopat, G., 46, N. 1. So also Sauppe and Frohberger, instead of the 





88 Notes. 


common rojowpat. With his own inexperience Lysias contrasts, § 86, the 
ability of the opposing advocates, — 8’ eAaxtorev, see XVI., § 9, dia Bpa- 
xurdrwv, and Note. 

4, — The accuser, in grim earnest, now hastens to plunge i medias res. 
The case against Hratosthenes, introduced, § 4, with the briefest reference 
to the accuser’s blameless and trustworthy character, is put into a tren- 
chant narrative of facts, concluding at § 20. 

Oduds = 6 éuds. — erclo On pév...érn Sé ev and dé are very often used 
as here, where there is either no antithesis or a weak one, merely to exhibit 
the antecedent and the consequent proposition in their connection. When 
so used pév is untranslated. —TLepuxdéovs. Pericles, the son of that Xan- 
thippus who defeated the Persians at Mycale, B. c. 479, was the greatest 
statesman of Athens. Born of a good family, reserved and stately in his 
manners, well educated, and endowed with an impressive eloquence, fore- 
sighted and self-controlled, a born leader of men, but mild and liberal 
toward opponents, he influenced the public policy for a period of about forty 
years. Under his guidance the democracy of Athens realized its complete 
development in well-balanced institutions ; while through the improvement 
of agriculture, the extension of commerce, the cultivation of letters and 
philosophy, the fortification of the city, and its ornamentation by magnifi- 
cent edifices and other works of art, the period of his ascendency was the 
golden age of Athens. — érn, G., 161. H., 550. Cephalus had probably 
been dead some fourteen years. —8ixyv, see XVI., General Note, 7. — é1- 
Kacapela, H. 689, b. Notice that the verb agrees with juets. In Eng- 
lish, on the contrary, after a disjunctive, the verb must agree with the 
nearest subject. — oxotpey, we as a family lived. — dorte...€fapapravey, 
G., 98, 1. The compound verb here in the sense of the uncompounded. 

5. — cvxohavrar, see General Note, 10. — xatéorycay, is this a first or 
second aorist? H., 416, a. — ddoxovrtes, begins the principal sentence, or 
apodosis, H., 732. — tav dbixav, G., 180, 2. H., 584, f. As to the fact, 
see Xen. Hell., II. 3, 12, in Goodwin’s Gr. Reader, pp. 65, 66: “Exe:ra 
apOTov pev, ods wdvTes HOecav ev TH Snuoxpatia awd cuxopaytias fGvTas, Kal 
Tois KaNois Kal ayaois Bapeis dvras, cvANauBdvorres, Urijyov Oavdrov: Kal 4} 
Te Bovn Hdéws a’tav Karewndifero, cl re dddot, door Evvyderay Eavrois wh 
dvres ToLodToL, ovdév HxOovrTo, —moXlras, subject of rparécOar. — Toatra 
Aéyovtes, a condensed repetition of the clause ddckorres...tparécat, SO as 
to bring out more strongly the contrast between saying and doing, which is 
previously implied in @dcxovres = ‘‘alleging.” — mpartov eizav, ‘after I 
have first spoken.” : 

6. — Compare éXeyov and § 7, érevOov, with the following ofev; the im- 
perfect tenses denote introductory and preparatory action, the aorist con- 
clusive actiou. — peToikwv, see General Note, 9. — ds elev, G., 68, 2. — 


-Notes. 89 


xenpartgerOar was no part of the zpddacrs just mentioned, but the result 
of it, and might well have taken dé as the apodosis of a condition here sup- 
pressed. See, however, L. & S. Lex., mpdpacis. — wéverbar, the natural 
consequence of the long and exhausting war. — xpnpérev, for the main- 
tenance of the Lacedemonian garrison, and other retainers. 

7. — atroktivvivar pev...7yotvro, AapBavey Sé...érovotvro. Notice the 
balance of the antithetical sentence in its two equal clauses, a good case of 
the rhetorical figure isocolon. See remarks on Lysias’s style in the Biograph- 
ical Introduction. Compare also with 7yobvro...émowotvro, dmeimeiv...émit- 
meiv, § 1, and Note. The orator here throws out, in the form of a com- 
ment on his preceding remark, the very proposition which he was expecting 
by and by to prove; but he knew that many of his hearers were ready to 
accept it in advance of proof. — rept odSevds...rept moddod, H., 650, 5. — 
Séka. Xenophon, as above quoted, says, § 21: @oke...r&v peroixwy wa 
éxactov haBetv. This would make thirty arrests. Lysias probably states 
the ‘fact more correctly. — 7j...wémpaxrat...yeyévyrat, all forms of direct 
discourse. What would the indirect forms be? G., 74, 1. — do-rep...te- 
toukores, G., 109, N. 9. Instead of rerornxéor, in agreement with the 
preceding avrots, the nominative is used (constructio ad senswm) as if iva 
drodoyiay éxwow had preceded. See Butimann’s Gr., § 144, N. 5. 

8. — tas oixlas, H., 527, a, ‘‘the houses” of the proscribed. — éBdSifov, 
compare the tense with the following xaréAafov, and see Note in § 6 on 
€Xeyov, etc. To enter and search a private house without a warrant (given 
by decree of the people) was regarded at Athens just as it is in our own 
country. See § 30, and compare Demosthenes’s De Corona, § 132: xexpayws, 
ws év Snuoxpatia dewd road Tos yrvynkéras Tay TodtTov JBpi~wy Kal én’ 
oixias Badifwv dvev Wndicparos. —épyaornptov, the shield-manufactory of 
Lysias and his brother. — éreypadovro, ‘‘took a list.” This was the legal 
term to denote taking the inventory of property to which the state laid 
claim. H. 689. For distinction between active and’ middle, see L. & S. 
Lex. — *patrwv, notice the descriptive imperfect here, and in épacxev be- 
low. — et BovtdAotro, G., 70, 2, p. 151, examples, and 71, N. 1: the direct 
question was Bovdec ; — xpfpara AaBadyv, equivalent to our phrase, ‘‘for a 
consideration.” 

9.— tadavtov, see General Note, 11. — odre Oeods...vop(fer, not a com- 
mon combination in classic Greek, but reminding us of the unjust judge in 
the parable, ‘‘ who feared not God, neither regarded man.” Luke xviii. 2. 
— & Tav wapévtav, ‘under the circumstances.” 

10. — apocev, G., 19, N. 4. The object clause is \aBov...cdcew. — 7d 
Swpatiov, ‘‘my little room,” a bedchamber, probably. — tiv xlBwrtov, 
‘ny chest,” G., 141, N. 2. H., 527, d. — dvotyvupt, G., 10, 2. —danpe- 
tay, ofiicers attending on him. For synonymes, see VII., § 16, nove. 


90 Votes. 


” 


11. — odx éeov, supply pivor, “not merely as much as.” The cash por- 
tion of the seizure can be estimated from the table given in the General 
Note, 11. — ayamijoev, ‘would be glad.” — cdca, Ge 50; 25 No.1, ‘and 
14,1. 

12, — émurvyxdve, H., 511, h, for émirvyydvovor. Melobius and Mnesi- 
thides were also members of the Thirty. — BaSlgowev, the optative may 
follow secondary tenses, G., 70, 2, and the historic present, épwrdcuw, being 
used for the aorist, is in effect a secondary tense. —TdSeAdod, for the 
crasis, see G., 11, 1, (6), H., 69, R. c: for the genitive, limiting an omitted 
word, a 141, N. 4. H., 509, B. —oKdbyras, G., 44, 2, and N. 

Gs tigwv, G., 277, 3, and N. 2: translate, ‘‘as he would come.” — 
on ee ‘‘to make a venture.” —o0d ye dwo8avetv, G., 262, 2. H., 781. 

14, — rade, H., 679. — tjxw, G., 200, N. 3. H., 698. — els tiv oy ot- 
«fav, and, accordingly, under your protection, so far as you can give it. — 
emohdvupat, G.,10, N. 7. These short, pithy sentences, coupled with the 
hasty dé, picturesquely represent the urgency of the critical situation. — 
macdaxov ; the second aor. mid. imperative is perispomenon, when simple. 
H., 367, a. But ‘‘the compound imperatives follow the general rule.” 
Butimann’s Gr., p. 160. — tatra, see note on rdée above. The plural em- 
braces everything that might be included in the single request. — pyyebi- 
vat, supply mepi éuod. 

15, —wrrapos yap; ydp = ‘‘inasmuch as.” — otxtas, H., 584, ¢. For 
the (conjectural) plan of a Greek house, see Smith’s Dict. Antiq. art. 
Domus, p. 426. — &pplOvpes, here with special reference to the rear or 
garden door. — cwdqrowat, quoted and explained, G., p. 162. — ijyotuny ; 





as the sentence becomes prolonged and complicated by the introduction of 
a second hypothesis, the construction introduced with ¢v@uncunévm is 
changed by putting in the finite verb for the sake of perspicuity. — pév, et; 
transposed by Rauchenstein on logical grounds. — ety meme pévos, G., 18, 1, 
and Note. — émotws, ‘all the same,” i. e. as if I made no effort to escape. 
_ 16. — épevyev, ‘I took to flight,” H., 702. — TH atdrelo Gupa, the strect 
door, strictly, ‘‘the court door,” because giving access to the avA7 or inner 
court. —tprav S& buvpay oicay, + eeoueh there were three doors,” viz. 
(1) the door leading back from the men’s part of the house (avdpwvitis) to 
the women’s part (yuvaixwriris). This door was called pécavdos ipa, as 
between the two courts or av\aé ; (2) the door leading from the rear of the 
house into the garden (xfs), al called xynmaia Ovpa ; (8) a door or gate 
leading from the garden into a street. = APKEP EO, derived from dpxw and 
vais, an appropriate name for a ‘‘ ship-master.” — eis dorv, for Archeneus 
lived in Pirreus. — dtraydéyou, Gi, 21, 2, (a). 

i7. — Méyapdase, G., 61. H., 203. Megara was about 24 miles, accord- 
ing to Procopius, west of Athens. Modern travellers reckon it eight hours. 


Notes. 91 


— $n exelvev may be construed with an implied wapayyéA\derPax to be sup- 
plied with ei@ccpévor : translate, ‘‘sent to Polemarchus the order custom- 
arily issued by them.” — wtvew, H., 766. —-mplw elretv, G., 106, 2. wpiv 
and mpérepoy, like our before, do not necessarily imply the realization of the 
following idea. — 8’ fjvtiva. The indefiniteness of the relative transters 
itself to the antecedent, though this is specialized by the article ; translate, 
‘‘ before informing him of any cause for which he was going to die”; liter- 
ally, ‘‘ the cause for whichsoever.” — rohdod eSénoe, H., 575, a. 

18. — daredépero, compare the imperfect with the aorist elacav. — Hptv, 
G.,184,4. H., 598. — pir bacdpevor arpovdevto, both causative, H., 689, b. 
The body was customarily laid out (arportOnut) on a bed, after having been 
washed, anointed with perfumed oil, crowned with flowers, and arrayed in 
as handsome a robe, usually white, as the family could afford. A pillow 
(rpocxepddarov) supported the head and back. On the day after the mpé- 
Geows, early in the morning, before sunrise, the corpse was carried out 
(éx@épw) for the last rites, and either interred or burned. See further 
Smith’s Dict. Antiq. art. Funus. — trvyey, supply éxwv. 

19. — dovto kracacdat, G., 23, 2, N. 3. otouar here, as occasionally 
elsewhere = édrifw. — elxoot Kal éxarév, G., 77, 2, N. 2. H., 256. — 
ZraBov...améoray, G., 19, N. 4. — ds toratryy...aplxevro ; after this 
we should have the result expressed, as usual, by ore, but for the inter- 
position of the comment kal...éro.jcavro, Which requires a change of con- 
struction. — Ste Td mparov, ‘as soon as.” 

The orator now briefly comments upon his narrative to bring out the full 
atrocity of the facts: (1) as contrasted with the meritorious character of the 
sufferers, § 20 ; (2) as repeated in numerous similar outrages, § 21; (3) and 
as followed by a shameless lack of compunction on the part of the crimi- 
nals, § 22; who, however, can show nothing to disprove the charge of 
wanton lawlessness, § 23. 

20. — &éov, G., 171. H., 574, c. — a@erep 038’ dv, G., 42, 3, N. 2. — 
éSucnudrov, H., 566.—7éeas, Rauchenstein adds vév. — xopnytas, Lysias 
was a pérocxos, and the principal liturgy (see General Notes, 5 & 7) men- 
tioned as performed by such was the choregia at the Lenza. — eiodopas, 
see General Note, 8. —dvoapévous, the active voice means to release 07 
receipt of ransom ; the middle (causative, H., 689, b), to make one do this, 
i. e. to release by payment of ransom. This was accounted a meritorious 
act of humanity, or ¢AavOpwria. — ody Spotas, i. e. quite differently, an 
instance of the rhetorical figure Jifotes, or the assertion of a fact by the 
denial of the contrary. — éwokuredovro, H., 690, a. 

21. — arédovs ; as it was supposed that the departed spirit was not at 
rest till the body had been buried, the neglect of the rites of burial was 
considered a great inhumanity. — art,ovs [Ts amédews], G., 180, 2, N. 1. 





92 otes. 


H., 584, b, fine print. See General Note to Or. XXV. 8, Atimia. — Ovya- 
tépas ; wealthy citizens not infrequently gave marriage portions to poor 
maidens. Lysias, X1X., § 59: ére roivuy xai dia Tic Tay wodiTGy adrropodct 
auvesédwxe Ovyatépas kal adeXpds. The spoliations and executions of the 
Thirty had prevented many from portioning their own daughters, or those 
of neighbors. 

22, — éya 8’, emphatic. — éBovAdpny dv, G., 226, 2, and examples, H., 
752. But dy might be omitted, G., 49, 2, Note 3, (c). —odK €\dxteToyv, a 
litotes, H., 665, a; see note on ovx duoiws, § 20. 

23. — rotatra, translate: ‘‘ but now neither as regards the city nor me 
can they show such things as they allege”; literally, ‘‘such things do not 
exist for them.” 

24, — The facts, as now narrated and commented on, the orator proceeds 
to establish by an interrogation of the defendant, § 25, who was obliged to 
take the stand and answer. See General Note, XVI. 8.—éveBBacdpevos... 
épéo Sar, translate, ‘‘I wish to put him on the stand, and question him.” — 
aoeBés, “‘sinful,” as intercourse with a polluted person. — elyat, more em- 
phatic than ay eiva:. — rpds airdv todtov, supply diadéyec Oar. — Serov Kar 
eioeBés; ‘‘a sacred and pious thing”: dcv0s, says Trench, denotes fidelity 
to the eternal sanctities, edce87s denotes piety, both towards God and in the 
fulfilment of human relations. — dvéByo, ‘‘step up.” — dadxpvar ; dis- 
tinguish different forms of this word by different accents, H., 367, R. e. — 
épwta, G., 61, 3. As distinguished from its synonyme airéw, used in § 18, 
épwrdw means to ask a question, while airéw means to make a request. 

25. — awnyayes, contrast with the tense of the answer, éroiowv. See also 
XXV., § 15, dmaxGels, and note. —¥# 08, G., 29, N. H., 104, a. —tva 
amoavepev: in deciding what verb is to be supplied before wa, observe 
that édeyes iva is not Attic Greek (G@., 45, N. 5, b), but dvré\eyes as a verb 
of striving may govern a final clause, as in § 26. As Eratosthenes was 
claiming to have opposed the death of Polemarchus, and yet had arrested 
hin, Lysias touches his inconsistency with the satirical question, whether 
it was their not dying or their dying that he had opposed. —‘H-yotpevos, 
G., 109, 4, agrees with the subject of the implied dyréeyes. 

From this examination the orator now keenly draws proof of his charge, 
§§ 26-36, showing, (1) the defendant’s claim as the advocate of lenity is 
confuted by his conduct in making the arrest, § 26. (2) His allegation of 
constraint is not only false, but improbable, § 27. (3) It is absurd to let 
the members of a ring like the Thirty excuse themselves at each other’s 
expense, § 28. (4) This would leave no responsibility anywhere, § 29. 
(5) The defendant’s animus is clear from the fact of the arrest on the street, 
an unnecessary act of tyranny, § 30. (6) Especially since it was not the 
act of an inferior, but of a superior, who could have avoided the act had 


Notes. 93 


he chosen, § 31. (7) Who in this case could easily have saved the victim 
by timely information, § 32. (8) Whose acts must therefore weigh more 
with the jury than his unsupported assertion, § 33. (9) The argument on 
the evidence concludes with a repeated attack on the defendant’s veracity, 
§ 34, And (10) the orator puts this part of the case to the jury witha 
reminder of the importance of their verdict as a precedent, § 35, and with 
an appeal to a previous decision in which righteous public indignation had 
prevailed, § 36. 

26. — Hir’, ‘‘then,” indignantly. — evvehdpBaves, the imperfect, on ac- 
count of the preceding dvrédeyes, instead of the momentary cuvédafes, 
because the orator, to mark more strongly the inconsistency of the two 
actions, represents them as cotemporaneous, H., 701. — dvridéyew ois, 
G., 15, 3; the infinitive contains the prominent idea. Notice the inverted 
order in which the contrasted verbs avrikéyew and dri7yayes are made to 
stand in their respective clauses for emphasis. 

27. — Todvro is in apposition with the clause ws ait@ mpoceraxOn. — BH 
aov, ‘I imagine,” H., 852, 5. —év rots petolxors, ‘‘in the case of metceci.” 
— dpBavov, the imperfect is here used to deny a past intention, G., 11, 
N. 4. H., 702.— 716 = rin. — Betts, ‘Sone who.” — ols, G., 153, with 
Notes land 2. H., 808, 2, and 810 with R. a. 

28. — av...dvadhépwor, av, not dv, G., 50, 1. —Tas...amobéxeoOat, G., 
50, 1, R. 1. — pas eixds (transposed by Rauchenstein), emphasizes tuas. 

29. —airfjs, ‘“‘than i,” a constructio ad sensum, as though the govern- 
ment of the Thirty had been already mentioned. — tq’ js, referring to the 
dpxi isxuporépa. — Tapa Tod = rapa rivos. — Kal AAerGe ; kai in such 
connections, says Arnold, may be translated by ‘‘at all,” or ‘‘ possibly.” — 
eltrep eéorar, G., 49, 1, N. 3. 

30. — kal piv 84; H., 851, a. 67 calls attention to the important fact 
mentioned in § 16, that Polemarchus was arrested on the street: trans- 
late, ‘‘and you will observe, that,” etc. — kata Ta TovTets, so Cobet, with 
others, reads for cal ra 7., in order to avoid a zeugma in oafew, which 
(using xaé) would have to be understood differently with its two accusatives. 
— rovrots, G., 188, 3. H., 600. —-mapdv, G., 278, 2. H., 792, a. — 7é- 
ow...d0ot ; dco. rather than o/ is the proper relative after wdvres. Refer- 
ence is here made to those citizens whom the Thirty compelled to aid in 
legal acts: see Introd. Socrates alone had dared to brave the wrath of 
the Thirty by refusing compliance with such requisitions. — épyttecGe ; 
Francken considers épyifecbe preferable. 

31. — xalrou, see XVI., § 5 and note. — &ta thv éavrav cwrnplay, ‘in 
order to save themselves.” — klvSvvos...yevéoOor, translate: ‘‘It would 
have been dangerous for them, if sent, not to go, and if they had made an 
arrest, to deny the fact.” #v for ay jv, G., 49, 2, N. 3, (a). my deur, 


94 Notes. 


H., 837. — édpvots, predicate after yevéoOat, in agreement with xarada- 
Botow. See dréyorrt, § 1, and note. ‘*‘ When the omitted subject of the 
infinitive stands with the preceding verb only as an immediate or remote 
object, the adjuncts connected with the infinitive must in like manner stand 
in that oblique case in which their subject thus stands as object.” Butt- 
mann’s Gr., § 142, 2, (b). — Tatra, ‘‘these assertions.” — elyev, ‘* would 
have had”; dy may be supplied — Bovdopévev, G., 109, 6. 

32. — xpiv...yevéoOar, quoted and explained, G., p. 100. —-yevéoGat... 
ocvdkAapBdve ; observe the distinction between the present and the aorist 
of the infinitive, G., 15, 1, R., and 23, 1. — yeyvopévots, distinguish from 
yevouevots. 

33. — toteSe, the court. —Tihv Widov, see General Note, 3, Dicast. — 
a icact yeyevnpéva, construed as object of AauSdvovras. — Aeyopévey, i. €. 
in the conclave of the Thirty. — texpqpta, accusative in apposition to the 
relative clause. —aapeivat, another odious feature of the government of 
the Thirty ; under the democracy publicity was characteristic of all official 
proceedings. — rap’ atrois, ‘‘by ourselves,” or, ‘‘at home” ; a grim play 
upon words suggested by the preceding wapetvat. For the pronoun, G., 
146, N. 2. H., 672, a.—advra ra Kanda, ‘‘all the evils,” i. e. under 
which the city has suffered. Compare with mdvra xaxd, § 57, ‘‘all evils,” 
absolutely so. —amdvra taya0d, ‘‘all the good things,” i.e. that they allege. 

34. — rodto, i. ec. dvretreiv ce. —ovverrov, G., 226. H., 751. Notice 
the inverted arrangement, which here brings together the antithetical 
words ouveerdy and dvrecreiv, and compare note on avridéyew, § 26. — dépe, 
interjectional, G., 84, N. 1. — i Gv, G., 42, N. 2. Rauchenstein takes the 
point of the following appeal to be, that even if the brothers or sons of 
Eratosthenes were on the jury, they could not acquit him, so compromised 
is he by his own admissions. Others, as Francken, less correctly, it seems, 
refer avrod to Polemarchus. The imperfects érvyxdvere and arewndifecde, 
referring to present time, are to be preferred, with Kayser, to the aorists 
of the common text. See G., 49,2. With drewndiferde supply dv, from ré 
dv, above. What is its protasis ?— d8lxkws cvAAaBeiv, the orator strains a 
point here, as Eratosthenes evidently referred the décxa, § 25, only to the 
decree of death. 

35. — kal pev 84, see the same in § 30, and note. —amlacw, G., 200. 
N. 3. H., 699, a. — éEapdotrworw, G., 20, N. 1, last part, and 62. H., 
760, a. — ov édleyrar, G., 171, 2. H., 576. Crosby, Gr., 373, 2, remarks 
on ‘* the ease with which verbs of motion pass into those of simple effort 
and desire. Thus ¢euat, and, more commonly, édieuat, to send one’s self to, 
to rush to, to strive for, to seek, to desire.” — tpiv, G., 186. H., 603. A 
powerful argument for punishing traitors, if their impunity involves the 
dilemma, that they must either be tyrants over the loyal, or partners in 





Notes. 95 


privilege with them. —d...adherovow, &., 50, 1, N. 1. —4 tov, the en- 
clitic ov is used, says Arnold, ‘when anything is assumed in a half- 
questioning way, that the speaker may build something on the assent of 
the person appealed to.” It answers to our J imagine, or I suppose. — 
KySopevous, a conjectural reading of Rauchenstein. Frohberger reads tinw- 
podvras ; Cobet, TLULWPOULEVOUS. 

36. — od« ody Savdv, supply av jv, G., 49, 2, N. 2. — vavpayotvres, oif 
the Arginuse islands, about fourteen miles southeast of Mytilene in Lesbos, 
zs. c. 406. In this, the greatest naval battle of the war, the Lacedsemo- 
nians lost seventy-seven vessels, or more than half their fleet. — tovs ex 
vhs Oadarrys, about a thousand men, according to Grote, were left to per- 
ish on the twenty-five Athenian vessels that were disabled in the action. — 
Gavarea enprdcare, six were thus dealt with. Grote’s opinion upon the 
whole case is, that the generals were guilty of inhuman neglect, but that 
the overruling of constitutional provisions, in order to force through the 
assembly the decree of condemnation, was as discreditable to the Athenians 
as it was exceptional in their history. See Grote’s History, VIII. 185- 
190, 205, 208-210. Curtius says, that if any one was to blame for the 
death of the wrecked, Theramenes was the guilty man; yet he took advan- 
tage of the opportunity for his party purposes, to requite the kindness shown 
him by the generals, in abstaining from blaming him in their despatches, 
by coming forward as their accuser. Hist., Ill. p. 589. It was a difficult 
and delicate task for Lysias to turn an unconstitutional act to account as a 
precedent, but he does it skilfully. Siding so far with that class of his 
hearers who had justified the generals as to adopt their principal argument, 
évixev vavpaxoovres, and then propitiating the other party by the phrase 
xpivae...kaBeiv, which veils the irregularity of their proceeding, he seems to 
press the argument from consistency fairly enough: ‘‘Would it not be 
strange to have executed victorious commanders, and not these traitors ee 
— avdrw, G., 188. H., 607. —Adperq, H., 611.—iStara, acting as members 
of the oligarchical clubs. — érotnoray Armmejva, G., 260. H., 764, b. 
Grote says of the disaster of gospotami, ‘It was the general belief after- 
wards, not merely at Athens, but seemingly in other parts of Greece also, 
that the Athenian fleet was sold to perdition by the treason of some of its 
own commanders. .... Indeed, we may add that the utter impotence and 
inertness of the numerous Athenian fleet during the whole summer of 405 
B. C. conspire to suggest a similar explanation.” (Hist., VIII. 220, 221.) 
‘< Athens,” says Curtius, “fell by her own hand, 2"2).". Party intrigues de- 
livered into the hands of the foe the last fleet of the city, and in the end 
the city herself. The victory which terminated the war was a victory of 
treason.” (Hist., III. 581.) —aréoryoav, see the same, § 5, note. — 
éxoyres agrees with the subject of the leading verb, where we should make 


96 Notes. 


it agree with the subject of the dependent dioxruvivat. For the tense of 
the infinitive, compare avriéyew Pijs, § 26, and see G., 15, 3. —ovk dpa 
xp% ; for greater energy this fresh interrogative breaks up the hypothetical 
interrogative construction, which would normally end, adrovs kai rods wai- 
Gas Tals €oxaTas (nulas ov (not un, H., 842) KoXdoeTe; ov KoNdoeTE = Azro- 
Ynpicecbe. H., 886. In the sequel, however, ‘‘the sons, even of such 
among the Thirty as did not return, were allowed to remain at Athens, and 
enjoy their rights of citizens unmolested ; a moderation rare in Grecian 
political warfare.” (Grote, Hist., VIII. 294.) 

37. — Here begins the second and larger part of the oration. The orator 
passes (observe the transition from 7@ gevyorre to map atrav) from the spe- 
cific accusation of murder to a general arraignment of Eratosthenes as 
responsible for the sum of outrages perpetrated by the ring of usurpers to 
which he belonged. See Analysis. 

The course of thonght from this point to § 62 is as follows: The accusa- 
tion now preferred expresses but a fraction of the defendant’s guilt, as the 
associate Toovrwy avdpav, § 37. Not even the usuai subterfuge, the plea 
of past merits, can avail, § 38, culprits, whose guilt, as stated in §§ 39, 40, 
is so enormous, that to defend them argues equal guilt, § 41; for the recent 
outrages are but the conclusion of a long career of iniquity, § 42. To sub- 
stantiate this assertion, the orator goes into a review of the political career 
of the defendant, and brings out its salient points to exhibit him as from 
first to last an enemy of the democratical constitution and of the interests 
of his country, viz. (1) as an agent of the first revolution in the time of the 
Four Hundred, § 42; (2) as a member of the usurping directory of the 
Five Ephors, §§ 43-47; (3) as one of the Thirty Tyrants, §§ 48-53; (4) as 
a supporter of the Ten, §§ 54-61. 

Aélouy, ‘used to think” (and still think). — péxpr yap Totrov, “‘ (only) 
so far.” — @avdrov, observe the emphatic position. —t@ gevyovte construe 
With eioydcOar. —tatrny, see ravryv and note, XXV., § 13. —Sixnyy Sodvar 
Sivawr dv, observe the alliteration. 

38, —od...mpoojke, = ‘‘for, observe, he has a right to do not even 
this.” The criticism, é7ep...écriv, has a satirical point. See XVI., § 9.— 
Aéyoures...éEarratraoiv, by anacoluthon for Aéyovras éfararay, in order to 
assert the fact more positively than by the infinitive. 

39.— émef, used elliptically = ‘‘since [if they have such a record] bid 
him,” ete. ézef thus used = ydp. — dtroSetEat, see note on dmrdxpwat, § 24. 
—aréxtavav, 1,500, it was said, and without trial. — wapéSocayv, the 
whole navy except twelve ships, which Lysander conceded the Athenians 
as an act of grace. — otav tiv tperépay, a brachylogy (H., 881) for ota jv 7 
vyuerépa, Hv, H., 816. 

40, — adda yap, elliptical = ‘‘ but [how would such questions confound 





Notes. 97 


him !] for,” H., 870, aand d. The construction with 4 could have con- 
tinued as in § 39, but the orator is kindled by these hateful reminiscences, 
and breaks into a more vehement style. —rodeplov, G., 174. H., 580, a. 
—dpethovro ; for an account of the manceuvre by which the Thirty dis- 
armed the citizens, except their own adherents, see Xen. Hell., II. 3, 18- 
20, Goodwin’s Gr. Reader, p. 67, and Grote, Hist., VIII. 247. — oia...Ka- 
récxoav, brachylogy for ofa...retxn fv, & karéoxayay ; Rauchenstein and 
Cobet read ofa ra 79s; the Long Walls demolished after the capture of 
Athens extended southwest from Athens to Pireus. They were designed 
to secure the maritime power of Athens by giving free communication 
at all times with her harbors. They were forty stadia (about four and 
three fifths miles) in length, and some twelve or more feet thick. The 
space between them, five hundred and fifty feet in width, was occupied by 
houses on both sides of a carriage road. The northernmost wall was built 
B.c. 457 and 456; the other at a subsequent period prior to 431. The wall 
of Pirzeus was built, prior to 471, under Themistocles. It was sixty stadia in 
circumference (about six and nine tenths miles), thirty feet in height, and 
sixteen feet thick, all of squared stones cramped with metal. — otrwes, 
‘men who,” H., 681, b. See doris, XXV., § 17, and note. — dpotpre, 
fortified places, like (inoe, northwest, Decelea, northeast, and Sunium, 
southeast of the city, are probably referred to, inclusively with the forti- 
fied harbors and the city itself. — od8é...AaxeSatpoviwy, see § 70. —reptel- 
Aov, distinguish the idea of time in this tense from that in évdpufov. 

41. — odds ody Gatpaca, G., 30, 1, N. 1.—rddpms, G., 173. H., 
577. —avrod, according to Francken’s conjecture, instead of atray, as the 
following section refers specially to Eratosthenes. — wAqv, H., 626, R. r. 
— évOvpnba, G., 62, and Rem., with 20, N. 1. — wdvra ta. Kaka, ‘‘all the 
evils” (that have been done) ; see nofe on the same, § 33. 

42,—émi trav terpaxorlwv: in the year 411, while a large Athenian 
armament was assembled at Samos, which had become the headquarters of 
the fleet, and the base of operations for the remainder of the war, the 
machinations of Pisander and others of the officers, at the instance of Alci- 
biades, effected a brief revolution in Athens, ‘by which the democratical 
constitution was subverted, a century after its institution by Clisthenes, 
and an oligarchy was set up. This ‘‘ temporary calamity, which so nearly 
brought Athens to absolute ruin, called the Oligarchy of Four Hundred,” 
lasted from February or March to July, 411. Says Grote: ‘‘It was only 
by a sort of miracle—or rather by the incredible backwardness and stu- 
pidity of her foreign enemies — that Athens escaped alive from this nefa- 
rious aggression of her own ablest and wealthiest citizens.” See Hist., 
VIII. 7-83. — na@tords, G., 10, N. 2. Cotemporaneously, it would seem, 
with the oligarchical machinations at Samos and Athens, Eratosthenes and 


7 


98 Notes. 


others, while on service at the Hellespont, had endeavored to gain their 
squadron to the service of the revolutionary party, but, not succeeding, 
had been obliged to flee. — tpijpapxos, see General Note, 6. Rauchenstein 
takes the words rpijpapxos...vatv as an imputation of unlawful conduct. 
Perhaps rather the orator intimates how thoroughly even then Eratosthenes 
was repudiated, not only by the fleet, but even by his own crew. Here 
the full force of the od yap viv wp&rov appears. After Eratosthenes’s part 
in that notorious conspiracy of eight years before, those who now speak 
brép atrod, § 41, cannot be excused as ignorant of his real character, but 
are as bad as he. — ov8éy, G., 160, 2. H., 848, a. 

43.— raphe ; assuming it to be of a piece with things before and after. 
—% vavpayxia; the affair of Agospotami was not so much of a battle as a 
surprise, the crews of nearly the whole fleet being ashore and dispersed. — 
ddcy...7jo£av, explanatory of the clause 7évre...éraipwy.—&popor, see Introd. 
—katéotynoay td: ‘‘ Many verbs of the active form in which the idea of 
suffering, being affected, is predominant, may be construed wholly like pas- 
sives, i. e. with t7é and the genitive. They then serve to supply the place 
of less usual passives.” Buttmann’s Gr., § 134, 2. — éralpwy, these érafpor 
were members of érapetat, or clubs. These clubs, organized for party pur- 
poses, had kept alive the faction which had won a brief triumpb in the 
ascendency of the Four Hundred, watching for the opportunity of another 
revolution. — cvvaywyets ; in this capacity they would hold meetings of 
the citizens and address them in favor of an oligarchical constitution. — 
Kottlas: it was a hard blow at Eratosthenes merely to couple with his a 
name so hateful to most Athenians as that of Critias. ‘‘ Noscitur a sociis.” 
This man, well-born and rich, a pupil of Socrates, and possessed of some 
literary culture, as well as decided political ability, was cursed with “not 
merely an unmeasured and unprincipled lust of power, but also a rancorous 
impulse toward spoliation and bloodshed, which outran even his ambition, 
and ultimately ruined both his party and himself.” Grote, Hist., VIII. 
234. Curtius characterizes him as ‘‘a literary pretender, whom all his cul- 
ture served morally to deteriorate,” and ‘‘a criminal, who at last shrank 
from no act however vile and base.” AHist., III. p. 575. 

44. — duddpxovs ; these regularly commanded the cavalry. The cav- 
alry, as a class, comprised the wealthiest men at Athens, and remained, as 
a class, stanch adherents of the Thirty through thick and thin. See 
XVI., § 6, with Introd., and General Note, 1. — wapayyedAoy, i. e. to their 
various partisans. The aorist xaréornoay denotes a single act, the imper- 
fect mapiyyyedXov a repeated act. Is this xaréornoar the first, or the second 
aorist ? — yyretode.. 2oer Ge, G., 45 and Rem. — mwodAov, supply dya0ar. 

45. — totto...4miotavro, ‘‘for of this they were especially aware.” — 
ErovrTat, compare dejoer and note, XVI., § 15. —mparrévtwy, supply duay, 


de “1 a oe 


v4 





99 


G@., 110, N. 2. H., 791, a.— Kaxey, construe with daddayivar — évOv- 
piorerOa, G., 27, N. 1. 

46. —éddpwv, H., 572. Compare ris rpdérns, and Note, XVI., § 15. — 
*Epatocbévous dxotoavtas, not, ‘‘who heard E.,” but ‘‘who heard [it] 
mont 7° G5 173; 2, No ls H:, 576, 2. 

47. — Observe the repeated imperfect in this section, G., 49,2. R. @), 
(b). —atrayv, i.e. their leaders. —éxdéAatov, G., 200, N. 2... H., 702. — 
Spxovus, whence they were called cuvwudrat, § 43. —ei erwppdvovy, repeated 
with a purpose. — émi here denotes the condition, H., 640, ¢.  éml...xaxois, 


= ‘‘to the disadvantage of.’’— muorots, ‘‘ binding.” — wapéBatvey; the 
thrice-repeated dy is, of course, implied here. — tecatra, ‘‘thus much,” 
nearly equivalent, in such connections, to ‘‘no more.’’ — KdAe, speaking 


to an officer of the court. 

48, —dpx yy, i. e. that of the Thirty. — dya9ot, neuter gender, G., 170, 2. 
H., 574, a. — éxphv [dv], quoted and explained, G., p. 100. Compare note 
on xpqv, § 32. Frohberger plausibly conjectures that this suspicious év 
should be airév. — BovAq ; on the subserviency of this packed senate, see 
Introd. — pnvuriy, satirically said, as informers were encouraged by the 
Thirty. — eioayyeArav,, see note on dixn, XVI., § 12. — elev...pynviovery ; 
for the variation, see G., 247, N. 1. H., 734, b. — Bdrpaxos, ‘‘ Frog,” a 
fit name for such a wretch, whom Lysias, VI., § 45, styles 6 yodv ravrwr 
movnporaros Barpaxos tAnY TovTov. He came from Oreus in Eubeea. After 
the restoration of the constitution, he did not dare to reside in Athens un- 
der the amnesty, but emigrated. 

49, — kal pév 84, see the same, § 30, and note. — Secor; mark the dis- 
tinction between this definite relative and the following indefinite é7éco, 
the same as in Latin between quot and quotquot. The change from the 
definite to the indefinite intimates that while it is quite clearly ascertained 
who were ill-disposed, it is very indefinitely known if any were well-minded. 
—ovdtv hattov etxov, a itotes, equivalent to ‘‘ profited.” See ovx ouoiws, 
§ 20, and note. — cwwtavres, ‘‘if silent,” G., 277, 4. H., 789, e. — 
érepot, ‘‘other members” [of the party]. Butimann, Gr., § 127, 10, 
remarks: ‘‘”AXXos without the article is the Lat. alius, another ; érepos 
without the article has the same meaning with a stronger expression of 
difference,” ete. The orator’s idea is, the silent partners shared the profit 
of those outrages with the active partners, and must therefore share the 
guilt. — av, governed by peifw. The relative clause @v...7é\e: stands in 
the relation of an accusative to the preceding participles, H., 810. —otdv 
7 iv, supply dy, G., 49, 2, N. 3, (2). What is the suppressed protasis ? 
G., 52, 2. —ebvot dacry etvar, ‘‘say that they were well disposed,” i. e. 
during those evil times. G., 203, N. 1. 

50. — dtes...davycerat, touches the inconsistency of E.’s plea with the 


100 Notes. 


claim avré\eyov advanced in § 25. Translate: ‘‘I am afraid then he will 
not appear opposing,” etc. G., 46, N. 4. H., 756, a. — et 8% pa, ‘‘ other- 
wise,” i. e. but if he opposed them, as previously claimed. G., 52, N. 2. 
H., 754, b, fine print. — évrav8ot, a more emphatic form of évratéa, formed, 
says Butimann, Gr., § 116, 8, by adding to é€vrai@a the demonstrative (, 
giving both évrav@i and the more common évravOot. — SiHAos tora StL; a 
blending of tyo constructions, the impersonal 67\ov é7¢ with a clause (as in 
XVI., § 11) and the personal 57Xos ws (see XII., § 90) with a participle, as 
in G., 113, N. 1. —évavriodpevos, G., 109, 6. The following sentence in- 
timates that he sided with Theramenes as against Critias. 

51, — ds apddtepa tatra...rapacrioe, ‘as I will prove in both of these 
respects.” — kat here = atque, ‘‘and I will also show,” etc. — yryvopevas, 
G., 16, 2. —émdrepor [pdvor]: if Reiske’s conjectural over be accepted, 
then the sense is, ‘‘ which of the two parties —i. e. among the oligarchs — 
exclusively.” 

52.— Kal yap, H., 870, d. —xdddov [Av] iv; there is no good reason 
for objecting to dv, though it is not necessary. See note on kivduvos yap 
fv, § 31. —dvbpl dpxovtt: ‘The Greeks often connect with those personal 
appellations which denote an occupation or character (as herdsman, judge, 
etc.) the words dvjp and dv@pwros in the manner of adjectives, whenever 
those are to be taken as referring to personal individuals, and not as mere 
appellatives.” Butimann, Gr., § 1238, N. 6. davnp dpxwy = a man that is 
a ruler; where we should say, simply, a ruler. Compare Mathew xx. 1, 
avOpary oixodectéry, A. V., ‘*a man that is a householder.” — OpacvBodt- 
Aov: this noble patriot, well named the ‘‘ Bold Counsellor” (6pac¥s — 
Bovhy), pitted himself with a puny force against tyranny in the height of 
its power. ‘To him was chiefly due, not merely the restoration of Athenian 
liberty, but its healthful working afterwards. Says Grote: ‘‘The feature 
which stands yet more eminent in his character—a feature infinitely rare 
in the Grecian character generally —is, that the energy of a successful 
leader was combined with complete absence both of vindictive antipathies 
for the past, and of overbearing ambition for himself.” Hist., IX. 367. — 
PudrHv, see Introd.; also XVI., § 4, and note. — émdelEacOar...etvoray : 
such good-will was shown to Thrasybulus by those that were discontented 
with the government of the Thirty, that, in the few days which intervened 
between his occupation of Phyle and his seizure of Pireus, his force swelled, 
according to Xenophon, from seventy men to one thousand. — rods ém\ 
@vAqy: on account of the elevated position of Phyle, ézi, ‘‘on,” was regu- 
larly used with it, instead of éy, ‘‘in.” — ets Dadapiva cal HAevoivade : 
in connection with the preceding word, ’EXevaivdde = els ’EXevotva, gives a 
pleasing variation both of sound and form. Salamis, on the island of the 
same name, was situated nearly opposite and west of Pireeus, from which it 


Notes. 101 


was separated by the narrow strait where the Greeks, zB. c. 480, with 366 
vessels, won the famous victory over Xerxes’ fleet of more than 1,000. 
The more ancient Salamis of the Telamonian Ajax was built at the south- 
ern end of the island. Eleusis, northwest of Athens on the road to the 
Isthmus, and a little more than half-way on the road from Athens to Me- 
gara (see note on Méyapdde, § 17), stood on a hill facing the broad bay of 
Eleusis, which, enclosed on three sides by the shores of Attica, was bounded 
on the south by the island Salamis opposite Eleusis. It was celebrated for 
the sanctuary of Demeter, and the Eleusinian mysteries celebrated annually 
in her honor. For an account of the trick by which the Eleusinians were 
seized, see Grote, Hist., VIII. 266-268; Xen. Hell., II. 4, 8-10; Good- 
win’s Gr. Reader, p. 77. Compare Lysias, XIII., § 44: tore wév yap rovs ex 
Zarapivos Tav Toditav KomicGévras, olor joav Kai dco, Kal oly déOpw id 
T&v TpidKovTa dmwdovTo: tore 5é Tovs Ef “EXevatvos, ws woddhol Ta’Ty TH oUL- 
pope expjcavro. —aitTay...6avarov, G., 173, 2, Note. H., 583, fine print. 
—katefyndicaro: Critias was the master-spirit in this outrage, which is 
here charged solely on Eratosthenes. In the condemnation of these cap- 
tives Critias had gone through the form of taking a vote of the Three 
Thousand (a body of citizens, whom, on the score of their supposed oligar- 
chical sentiments, the Thirty had invested with the political franchise). 
See XXV., § 22. But where the Three Thousand were assembled to give 
their verdict, the Lacedemonian garrison were at hand under arms, and 
any dissentient from the death-sentence, which Critias ordered to be given 
by open ballot in his presence, would have been put to death. The orator 
therefore, without alluding to the coerced participants in that crime, many 
of whom probably were among his hearers, justly treats the act of many as 
the crime of one. 

53. — AGopev : all that Lysias says of his own noble part in the war of 
liberation is comprised in this modest reference of the plural number. See 
Introd. — at tapaxal: with this euphemism the orator prudently veils 
two sharp encounters, the one a surprise of the camp of the Thirty between 
Phyle and Acharne, and the other the battle of Munychia, in which, to- 
gether, Thrasybulus inflicted a loss of about two hundred slain. Some of 
the defeated party were doubtless members of the jury. — of Adyot: during 
the truce which was granted for burying the dead, says Xen. (Hell., II. 
4, 19) mpoocévres adAWAots ToAAOl SieAéyovro. See especially the speech of 
the herald Cleocritus, ib. 20-23. Goodwin’s Gr. Reader, p. 80. —érerOat, 
‘“‘that we should be.” — é&eifapev, ‘‘showed,” i.e. by our acts in the 
sequel. — avrovs, i. e. the city party. It does not appear, however, that 
the force of Thrasybulus, which was quite indifferently armed, was able to 
do more than to repel the attack made upon them by the Thirty. But 
they abstained from stripping the slain of their clothing, in token of 
respect to their countrymen. 


102 Notes. 


54, — oi 8€, i. e. the forces of the oligarchs. — €éBadov : the deposed 
tyrants retired to Eleusis. See Introd. — &pxovtas...etNovro, namely, the 
Ten, ‘one from each phyle,” says Xenophon (Heli., II. 4, 23). On this 
aitempt at a middle way between tyranny and democracy, see Grote, Hist., 
VIII. 272. — proretebar...didreioPar, see note on amecmety...éridureiv, § 1. 
What form of the finite verb does the infinitive here represent? G., 41, 1. 
The protasis is involved in dixalws, i. e. Sexalws dv Exot, el, KT. A. G., 52, 
where see the last example quoted, ip rid: ; 

55. — [0 Tav tprdxovra yevépevos]: this is probably a mere gloss which 
has crept into the text, since Phidon has just been mentioned, § 54, as one 
of the Thirty. — Aaparpets, of Lamptra ; there were two Attic demes of 
this name. Upper Lamptra was at the southeast extremity of Mt. Hymet- 
tus, three or four miles from the sea, and Lower Lamptra on the coast. 
Of Epichares and Hippocles little or nothing is known. Grote (Hist., 
VIII. 271) names Eratosthenes also as one of the Ten. Ifso, it is hard to see 
how Lysias could have omitted to make a point of it. Instead of that he 
limits himself to saying, § 58, that Phidon, as leader of the Ten, pursued 
the previous policy of Eratosthenes. As the Ten, according to Lysias, 
were appointed in the supposed interest of a conciliatory policy, and as 
Eratosthenes is not mentioned among them, the clear implication of Lysias’s 
statements is, either that he was not regarded even by moderate oligarchs 
as eligible with such an object in view, or, rather, that he was altogether 
opposed to it. It is clear, however, that Eratosthenes remained in the 
city after the deposition of the Thirty ; and the aim of this portion of the 
orator’s argument is to represent him as a silent partner in the misgovern- 
ment of the Ten. — Xapucdei, characterized by Grote as a “furious and 
unprincipled politician,” ist., VII. 198. — adrot, an emphatic ‘‘ they.” 
G., 145. H., 669, b. — rots é& doreos, G., 188, 5. H., 604. — érroincayr ; 
distinguish from éroujoavro, H., 690. 

56. — ois; Scheibe’s reading; the common text is ot, for which Rauchen- 
stein reads @. — émeSelEavro, H., 688. —éoractafoy, at the time when they 
deposed the Thirty. — od8€...é\daovyv : compare Xenophon’s comment on 
the execution of the citizens of Salamis and Eleusis : iw O€ radra dpecra 





kal r@v moray bcos Td Treovexreiv pdvor Exedev. VTetl. VES A100: 

57. — tprdkovra...cipyarpévous Kal tytv...aemevOdor, an dsocolon ; com- 
pare note on amoxrwvtvac...€movoivro, § 7. — mwévra Kakd, compare note on 
mdvra Te Kakd, § 33. — byets Stkalws, supply édevyere. From the stand- 
point of either of the extreme parties, the middle course of the Ten appeared 
in this dilemma of inconsistency. —%pyey, H., 566. — airtay AaBdvres, 
distinguished from airlay exyovres as AaBety to ‘‘ ect,” or “incur,” from 
éxew, ‘‘to have.” 


58. — aipebeis, H., 694, c. — BrarrAdéar, 4.97, N. 1. — yriun, G., 188, 1. 


Notes. 103 


H., 611. Lysias’s attack on the policy pursued by Phidon had the double 
aim, first, of representing it as emanating from Eratosthenes, who had pre- 
tended to be overruled by his associates in office, and, second, of raising a 
prejudice against Phidon, in case he appeared, as was probable, in the 
capacity of an advocate of Eratosthenes, § 85. — rots pév xpetrtous attov, 
i. e. the majority of the Thirty, then at Eleusis. — 8v twas ; for the dis- 
tinction between the genitive and the accusative after dia, see H., 629, ec, 
630, b. But the accusative is often used with very little apparent distinc- 
tion from the usual sense of the genitive. Compare 6a rovrwy, § 92, — 
avtots, a constructio ad sensum, as if the antecedent were Aaxedatpovious. 
— Bowwrev, see note on ris mpérns, XVI.,§ 15. Occasion for this misrep- 
resentation was given by the support which Thrasybulus derived from 
Thebes. — eras ; what would be the zudirect form ?— padtora, emphatic 
position. 

59. — od Suvdpmevos ; ov, not u7, because the participle does not express 
a condition. So ov Bovropévwry, below. G., 283, 4. H., 839.—Kal = 
‘‘also.” — tepav éprroddy ; a notable instance of the tenacity with which 
the Spartans adhered to their superstitions in such matters was given by 
their six days’ delay to help the Athenians at Marathon, B. c. 490, in the 
crisis of the fate of Greece. — kat = ‘‘ even.” — éxarov tédavta; this loan, 
though contracted by an usurping government to destroy the liberties of 
the country, was afterwards repaid by the constitutional government. — 
aveloatro, H., 689, b. —7tHeaTOo, observe the force of the middle, H., 689. 

60. — mavtas, loosely said for ravrax dev. — méders erdyovres, the Pelo- 
ponnesian allies generally. The Beeotians and Corinthians, however, who 
had previously been intensely anti-Athenian in their policy, declined to co- 
operate, a remarkable proof, as Grote observes, of the altered feeling with 
which Athens and Sparta were beginning to be regarded in the other states 
of Greece. — tedevtavrtes, G., 109, N. 8. H., 788, a, fine print. — wape- 
oKevatovto, observe the imperfect as inclusive of the successive acts speci- 
fied by the preceding tenses. — et ph Sv ; the complete expression would 
be, cal dw ecav dv, ef uw Ot avdpas ayabods éexwrtOnoay. G., 52, N. 1. 
H., 754, a, fine print. As to the danger of Athens at the time, and how 
it was averted, see Introd. By the dvdpas dyabovs are meant such friends 
of Athens among the other Greeks as was the wealthy Theban Ismenias, 
who aided Thrasybulus’s first movement. —AaBdvres, G., 109, 3. —Kal 
éxelvots, i. e. the dvdpes dyafot just mentioned. — ydpw drrodi8dvat is to 
show gratitude by some requital, Latin gratiam referre, in distinction from _ 
Xap eidévar, or éxewv, to feel gratitude, Latin gratiam habere. 

61. — dps Sé, supply rapéZoua:, H., 883: the witnesses of course were 
to testify to the acts of Phidon. —a@s mAelorwv, H., 664. 

62. — hépc 54, see the same in § 34 and note. — Onpapevous ; on the gen- 





104 - Notes. 


eral relevancy of this portion of the argument, see Introd. It is to be spe- 
cially noticed that Theramenes, in his reply before the senate to the 
impeachment of Critias, declared that he had opposed the seizure of the 
metceci: dvretmoy dé kai Gre TOY peToikwy eva Exacrov aBely Epacay xpHvat, 
Xen. Hell., II. 3, 40. This lent some color to Eratosthenes’s assertions, 
§ 25, that he had been adverse to extreme measures, and rendered it more 
necessary for the orator to blacken Theramenes’s record. 

The analysis of §§ 62-80 is as follows: § 62, the orator shows the rele- 
vancy of his apparent digression. He is simply refuting Eratosthenes’s 
claim to favor on the score of Theramenes; § 63, he sneers at Eratos- 
thenes’s choice of a political guide, taking up with a Theramenes for lack 
of a Themistocles ; § 64, and shows the folly of allowing such malefactors 
to claim credit as benefactors. Then, § 65, he shows that Theramenes was 
a leader in setting up the oligarchy of the Four Hundred ; next, §$ 66, 67, 
a base turncoat ; more recently, §§ 68-70, the procurer by false pretences 
of disastrous terms of peace with Sparta ; finally, §§ 71-77, responsible 
for the establishment of the Thirty, and meeting at length, § 78, with de- 
served retribution. In §§ 79, 80, he concludes the digression with a fresh 
appeal, upon these facts, for a verdict against Eratosthenes and his partners. 

Sia Bpaxutdter, see 60 éhaxicrwv, § 3, and note. — mpocory, ‘‘ offend,” 
Sauppe’s emendation of the common text, wapacry, ‘‘occur.” G., 254. 
H., 720, b. —ratra, i. e. Grt...mererxe. — peretxe, why not accented peé- 
retxe? G., 26, N.1. H., 368, b. 

63.— odSp dv...otpat, “‘I strongly think”; dy belongs to mpoc- 
mrotetcOat, G., 42, Note. —odurevdpevov mpoooreto Oat, the participle is 
the protasis, the infinitive the apodosis; G., 52,1; 53. What forms of 
the finite verb do these respectively represent ?— 6mdre kal, cai here = 
“even.” — 81rws KabarpeOnoerar, G., 217. H., 756, dependent on érparre 
understood. — od ydép, said on account of the preceding o@ddpa ay olpat. 
The idea of the orator’s irony is: of course Eratosthenes would have been 
much gladder to co-operate with Themistocles than with Theramenes, for 

-Themistocles was a worthier citizen. — Aakedatpovlwy ; for an account of 
the stratagem by which Themistocles outwitted the Spartans, and thwarted 
their mean opposition to the restoration of the walls of. Athens, after the 
expulsion of the Persians, see Grote, Hist., V. 244; Curtius, Hist., II. 
pp. 361, 362. The contrast which Lysias here draws between Themistocles 
and Theramenes had been already pointed out by the demagogue Cleomenes. 
According to Plutarch, Lysander, 14, Cleomenes asked Theramenes if he 
dared to undo the work of Themistocles by delivering to the Lacedeemonians 
the walls which that patriot had erected against them. To which Thera- 
menes responded, that Themistocles had had the walls built for the pres- 
ervation of the citizens, and it was for the same purpose that they were 


Notes. 105 


now to be demolished. As Lysias viewed the matter, Themistocles erected 
the walls to secure the democracy, while Theramenes destroyed them to 
overthrow the democracy. The exhibition of such a contrast was adapted 
to arrest the reaction of feeling in favor of Theramenes which the manner 
of his death had occasioned. 

GA, — elxds fv, see the same in XVI., § 5, and note. — &£vov pév yap, an 
implied jv follows. —wpattav, G., 16, 2. So cuvivras, below. — aerrep, 
G., 277, N. 3. — yeyevnpévov, the éxeivov which we supply here has been at- 
tracted into éxeiyw by ouvovras. H., 791, a. The balanced arrangement 
of these genitives is noticeable as an elaborate bit of literary finish, viz.:— 


woTep TOAA@Y ayabarv aitiov 
GAX' ov MEyYGAWY KakaV yeyernEevou. 


65.— 8s; doris might have been used. See otzwes, § 40, and note. 
Compare, also, of and ofrwes, XXV., § 18, where, as Frohberger remarks, of 
denotes the individuals, and otrwes their class or kind. — édtyapxtas, 1. e. 
of the Four Hundred. See note on émi rév rerpaxociwv, § 42.—airidtatos ; 
this seems exaggerated. Theramenes took an active part, but Alcibiades 
and Pisander seem to have been airiwraro. It is quite clear that the revo- 
lution received the first effective impulse from a proposition of Alcibiades 
to the officers of the Athenian armament at Samos, engaging, on condition 
of the formation of an oligarchical government, to secure to Athens the 
Persian alliance. See Grote, Hist., VIII. 6 sgq.; Curtius, Hist., II]. p. 450. 
Pisander was ostensibly the chief agent in the execution of the plan, and 
the soul of the movement at Athens was Antiphon, see § 67, and note. 
Critias, in impeaching Theramenes before the senate, merely says of his 
revolutionary zeal, mpomeréctatos éyévero Thy Snpoxpatiav pmeTacTricar eis 
rods terpaxoctous, Xen. Hell., II. 3, 30.— 6 pév warhp ; Hagnon, a cit- 
izen of high standing, adopted Theramenes, who was a native of Ceos. 
The position of his adoptive father secured to Theramenes a favorable en- 
trance into political life. —rav mpoBotdwy ; a ‘‘ Board of Elders,” called 
rpoBovror, or ‘Provisional Councillors,” consisting of ten of the older 
citizens, was appointed, upon the tidings of the defeat of the Sicilian expe- 
dition, B. c. 413, “to review the expenditure, to suggest all practicable 
economies, and propose for the future such measures as occasion might seem 
to require.” Grote, Hist., VII, 362. These became promoters of the revo- 
lution in 411. By this appointment, as Curtius remarks, the democracy, 
which since the fall of the Areopagus had been free from all control, was 
again placed under the supervision of authority, For the case, compare 
Tav épdpwv, § 46, and note, — ratr’ rparrev, compare the same expression 
in § 51, radra mpdtovc., — in’ airay, i. e. the Four Hundred. 

66. — ws pty eriparo, G., 59; 66, 4, Rem, —mordy, i.e. to the oligar- 


106 Notes. 


chical party. —TIelcav8pov, of Acharne, a man of much ability and cour- 
age, though this latter trait was disputed by his enemies. After the fall 
of the Four Hundred he was banished, and his property was confiscated. 
See VIL, § 4. Calleschrus was the father of Critias. — atrot, G., 175. 
H., 585. — odkéte...axpoacGat; the Athenian armament at Samos, when 
they heard of the revolution at Athens, repudiated the authority of the 
Four Hundred. See Grote, Hist., VIII. 46, sgqg. Realizing that this pre- 
saged the overthrow of the revolutionists, Theramenes began to disconnect 
himself from his imperilled party. —’Apterokparovs ; in order to maintain 
themselves against the armament at Samos, the Four Hundred were trea- 
sonably plotting to receive a Lacedemonian force into Pirzus, and to accom- 
plish this were constructing a citadel there. Suspecting that design, the 
tribe of which Aristocrates was taxiarch broke into a mutiny, which spread 
until, with the concurrence of Theramenes, who had been sent to suppress 
the mutiny, the obnoxious citadel was demolished. This affair proved a 
fatal blow to the ascendency of the Four Hundred. Aristocrates was after- 
ward one of the generals who were put to death for misconduct at the Ar- 
ginuse ; see role on Gavdrw é€fnuwcare, § 36. 

67. —’Avtidevta: ‘ Antiphon, the son of Sophilus, at that time already 
an advanced sexagenarian, but full of unwearying activity, political experi- 
ence, and knowledge of human nature; inexhaustible in clever devices, 
trustworthy and reticent ; in intellectual power and influence superior to 
all his fellow-citizens, and at the same time perfect master of himself.” 
Curtius, Hist., III. p. 461. He ‘‘ formed a school of oratory, which exer- 
cised a deeply felt influence on the development of Attic prose.” Jd., II. 
p. 569. This man undertook the chief directorship of the oligarchical 
movement in Athens during Pisander’s absence. By systematic assassina- 
tion he silenced the popular leaders, extinguished freedom of debate, and 
so overawed the public mind, that, at length, the sanction of the senate 
and the assembly was extorted for measures which the majority detested. 
See Grote, Hist., VIII. pp. 30-41. After the restoration of the democracy, 
Antiphon and Archeptolemus were impeached by Theramenes for their 
treasonable negotiations with Sparta, and suffered the doom of traitors. 
The fate of Antiphon, then sixty-nine years of age, was deserved ; but this 
ratting of Theramenes gained him the nickname of 0 xo@opros, or the Buskin, 
fitting either foot equally well, and was used at length by Critias as a pre- 
text for his destruction. Comp. Xen. Hell., II. 3, 80-33; Goodwin’s Gr. 
Reader, pp. 69,70. Curtius says of him that he was ‘‘a man of brilliant abili- 
ties, eloquent, intelligent, and versatile, endowed with noble natural gifts, 
but... . wholly devoid of fixed principle, and was seriously attached neither 
to the one side nor the other,” but ambitious to play the first part himself. 
Hist., U1. pp. 461, 539. — Gpa...dmmXece, for the isocolon, compare dzro- 


Notes. 107 


krwvuvat...€rotodvro, § 7. — tiv mpds tpas, supply miorw. — In balancing 
Theramenes’s account with history, Curtius remarks: ‘‘ As no less severe 
a judge than Aristotle reckons him among the best citizens whom Athens 
ever possessed, we may be sure that his merit consisted not merely in his 
having, more than any one else, contributed to frustrate the treasonable 
efforts of the party which was prepared to proceed to extremities, but 
principally, in his having, after the overthrow of that party, succeeded in 
preventing the outbreaks of passion which would have ruined the state,” 
etc. Hist., III. p. 486. 

68. — An interval of six and a half years, from the deposition of the Four 
Hundred, in the summer of 411, to the siege of Athens in the winter of 
405-4, occurred between the events mentioned in this section and those 
in the preceding. In this interval, the orator passes over without mention 
an instance of Theramenes’s faithlessness as glaring as any, in his accusa- 
tion of the generals who commanded at Arginuse for the criminal neglect 
of a duty which had been delegated to him. See Note on § 36. —airtds, 
‘of his own accord.” —cwacev, G., 27, N. 3. —tméoyxero 8€, ‘‘for he prom- 
ised.” — Ta tetxn kaSeAav: for the Lacedemonians had intimated that the 
demolition of the Long Walls to the length of ten stadia would be insisted 
on in the terms of peace.— Tatra, an abbreviation for érws Tatra dtarpax67- 
coro: plural, though the antecedent is singular, perhaps with reference to 
the particulars of his plan; see note on radra, § 14. —aitro moredvew, em- 
phatie, to trust Aim. 

69. — mpatrotons...caTnpia, ‘‘taking measures for safety.” The par- 
ticulars are not very definitely known; but see XXV., § 27, note on Ourute. 
—’Apelo mayw, see General Note, 2. ‘‘1t would appear that at this period, 
when revolutionary and conservative measures were indiscriminately applied, 
the Areopagus, which had only continued to exist as a court for capital 
cases, was also re-established as a state magistrature, and, as at the time of 
the Persian wars, invested with extraordinary powers for contributing its 
share to the preservation of the city.” Curtius, Hist., III. p. 564. — avtt- 
Aeysvtwy: no wonder, in view of what Lysias asserts, XIII., § 10: duets 
ethecOe éxetvov mpecBevriv a’roxpdtopa, dy T@ mporépw eret oTpaTyyov KELpO- 


Trovnbévta diedokyudoarte, ob vouifovres evvouv eivat, kK. T. X. Nothing more 
clearly reveals the desperate condition of besieged Athens, than that the 
people, catching at the word of such a man, should appoint him their pleni- 
pote tiary, without pressing inquiry into his plans. 

~ 70, — od8tv trpatev. Theramenes stayed more than three months with 
Lysander, who then told him that the ephors, and not he, had power to 
make peace. When Theramenes came home with this report, the famine 
had become so intolerable, that he was sent back to make peace on any 
terms. This was probably his original scheme, as Xenophon intimates : 


108 Notes. 


erirnpaw orore AOnvatos €ueAdov, Osc Td Erthedosrrévat Tov otrov dwayra, 3 Tk 
Tis Aéyor omodoyijcew. Hell., II. 2.16. Goodwin's Gr. Reader, p. 64.— 
épvyoOn, ‘had mentioned,” ie. in the previous negotiations, — #Amoe, 
‘*had expected.”’— tree: how does this tense present the idea as compared 
with reer, § 58? See €devyor, § 6, note. Lysias’s assertion is corrobo- 
rated by Xenophon (Hell., II. 2. 22), rponyoper 5¢ adr Sv Onpapéryns €ywr ws 
xp meiBecOar Naxedatuovioss kal Ta TEeixn TEplatpetv. — dvayKaLdpeves...eray- 
‘yeAAdjaevos, see note on daecreiv.,.€miderev, § 1. The proof of Lysias’s asser- 
tion is of course merely circumstantial. How much harder were the con= 
ditions that Theramenes brought home, than those which the enemy at first 
proposed, Lysias states, XIII., §14: qv yap avri pev rod él déxa oradia Tay 
pakpay Texay diedelv Oa TA waxpa Telxn KaTacKkayat, dvTl dé Tod Ado Tt 
ayadov 7H wider ebpécOar Tas Te vads wapadodvar Tots AaKedarpovioss, Kal TO 
wept Tov Iletpara retxos mepedety, Although, in the strife which raged in 
Greece between oligarchy and democracy, party fury was often stronger 
than love of country, — so that even Xenophon was found at the battle of 
Coronea on the side of Sparta against his native Athens, — yet it is alto- 
gether improbable that the extreme and most humiliating demands of Sparta 
were suggested, as Lysias claims, by the Athenian oligarchs themselves. 
What Cicero says of the contending parties at Rome has its applicability 
to this case: Now ili nullam esse rempublicam, sed in ea que esset se esse 
principes ; neque hane urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere, volu- 
erunt. Or. in Catil., III. 10. — droorepnSjoeo be... kopreto Oe, G., 50, 1, 
N. 1, 77. See &covra:, § 45, and note. —Taxetav, translate as a predicate, 
Gy, 142, 3. -GH., 535, bz 

71. tiv save ty, the forms of the ancient constitution still pe A 
until they should be used to give sanction to the intended change. — éas... 
érnp7On, G., 19, N. 4 (5), 66, 1. — 0 Aeyopevos, the common text, for which 
Rauchenstein reads 6 ®uodoynuévos. — im éxelvav, i. e. the Spartans. -- é« 
Zépov. Samos, a large and fruitful island off the coast of Ionia, with a city 
of the same name fronting the Ionian coast, was the only ally or depen- 
dency of Athens which did not submit without resistance to the Lacede- 
monians after the affair at AXgospotami. Lysander, after receiving the 
surrender of Athens, had proceeded to press the siege of Samos, and reduced 
it about the close of the following summer, B. c. 404. Lysander’s return 
to Athens had been prepared for by putting out of the way the democratical 
Jeaders. See Lntrod. 

72. rotrov brapxévrey, ‘these arrangements being ready.” — Pvroxa~ 
povs kal MidridSeu: Rauchenstein regards these as companions of Lysan- 
der; Frohberger conjectures, from the names, that they were Athenians 
who had been sent to summon Lysander. — rhv éxkAnolav, “ the intended 
assembly,” — pqtwp, ‘a public speaker,” In the free political atmosphere 


Notes. 109 


of Athens a professional class flourished, who devoted themselves to poli- 
tics and public speaking, and were called pjropes. For different estimates 
of them, compare Curtius, Hist., III. pp. 90-93, and Grote, Hist., VIII. 
42, 43. The same policy of silencing the popular leaders had been tried in 
the previous revolution. See ote on "Avripavta, § 67. The Thirty, by 
one of their earlier edicts, even forbade all teaching of ‘‘ the art of words.” 
Xen. Mem., I. 2, 31: év rots vouows eypave, Noywr Téxynv bi) OvOdoKew, — 
évaytiotro, G., 216. H., 739. 

73. — tpidxovra ; these were appointed, nominally, to draw up laws for 
the future government of the city, and to hold a provisional authority 
meanwhile. Dracontides, who acted merely as the instrument of others, 
‘*a scoundrel on whom repeated sentences had been passed” (Curtius, III. 
579), became one of the Thirty. — amépatvey, ‘‘ proposed.” For the tense, 
see note on édevyor, § 6, and éBddifov, § 8. — Spws, belongs with é@opuBetre, 
G., 109, N. 5. — ov7vw Staxelpevor refers to the situation as described in 
§$ 71, 72. — @s od tmoiqoovres, G., 277, N. 2. — éyryveokere, “‘ you were 
becoming aware.” — éGexAyovatere, H., 315, also augmented 7xKX7-. 

74. — aita@ pédor...BopiBev, G., 184, 2, N. 1. H., 576, 595, b. —-roh- 
Aovs, here predicative. — Soxotvra...déyou; this, in contrast with his for- 
mer boasts, § 68, would further dispirit the people. Aéyo is construed 
with éecdy; translate: ‘‘and since he spoke the views of Lysander and the 
Lacedzmonians.” —xai $m, ‘‘and particularly that,” etc.: xai here =atque. 
— wapacmovSous, because the walls had not been demolished within the 
specified time, which had not been long enough. — éxot, for this and the 
following verbs, see the passage commented on in G., p. 163. The reading 
here followed is that of the common text, for which Rauchenstein and 
Scheibe both read rorjoed’ and xedever. 

75. — dv8pes &ya8o!, in the language of each of the political parties this 
was the designation of their own members. — yvdévres Thy Tapackeyy, 
‘having perceived the concerted action.” Compare the meaning of the 
aorist with that of the imperfect, éyeyrdoxere, § 73. — @XOVTO atLdvTes, 
“‘took their departure.” G., 279, Note. 

76. — waphyyeATo, i. e. by the managers of the meeting. — amédeage, 
‘‘nominated.” — éhopor, see § 43, and notc. — kedetouev, G., 247, N. 1. 
H., 738. — wapévrwv, those present were largely of the oligarchical party. 

77.— @& ty BovAy, when replying before the senate to his impeachment 
by Critias. Xen. Hell., I]. 3, 35-49. Goodwin’s Gr. Reader, pp. 70-73. 
Grote, Hist., VIII. 249-252. — drv...xarZGevey. In Theramenes’s speech, 
as reported by Xenophon, this point is not touched. — oddév dpovTifovtev 
A., the restoration of the exiles was one of the treaty stipulations. If this 
article was really the work of Theramenes, it was a point in favor of 
Lysias’s claim that the whole disgraceful treaty was his work. — wempayypé- 


110 Notes. 


vey, construe with airios. — tm’ ép0d, construe with elpnudvos, I1., 885. 
—Tovottav tvyxavor, “he met such a requital.” — airds...SeSaxds, so 
Scheibe, see avros émayye:hduevos, § 68. Rauchenstein prefers ad’rois. 

78. -— kai...kat...kat; this accumulation of conjunctions not only suits 
the cumulative nature of the argument, but adds vehemence to the style, 
especially in delivery. — yeyevnpévov, see yeyernuévov, § 64, and note. — 
ToApycovet, the indefinite subject, ‘‘they,” includes specially Eratosthe- 
nes. — Onpapévovs ; in translating join with yeyernuévov. — Sixales, so 
far as an act in itself despotic and outrageous may be extenuated by the 
comment ‘‘served him right.” With Critias, no doubt, it was a matter 
of self-preservation to despatch Theramenes, whose desertion of his col- 
leagues in the preceding revolution made it likely that he would not 
scruple, should occasion serve, to deal with Critias as he had dealt with 
Antiphon, § 67. — év éAryapxia, see the same and note, XXV., § 7. —78q 
.. Kkatéhuee, G., 19, N. 4, b. Instead of 76) Rauchenstein adopts Sauppe’s 
emendation 6is. The statement then becomes contrary te fact. Thera- 
menes did not twice break down the oligarchy, except in a sense which 
probably did not enter the speaker’s mind. He had indeed co-operated to 
overthrow the Four Hundred. But he broke down the Thirty rather by 
his death, the manner of which increased the intestine strife within the 
faction, and gave a fatal shock to its stability. To avoid the difficulty, 
Cobet further emends by changing xatéd\vce to karédve, ‘‘ he endeavored to 
break down.” But this is arbitrary. The text as it stands needs no 
emendation. — dv év Snpoxpatia, supply dixyy gdwxev. G., 212, 3. H., 
754. On the protasis involved in dixaiws, see note on pucetcOa, § 54. 
Theramenes, as the orator claims, should have been punished after the 
expulsion of the Four Hundred, and again, had he lived, after the deposi- 
tion of the Thirty. — wapsvtav katadpovav...amdvreav émdupav, compare, 
for the form, 7yoivro...émoodvro, § 7, and dzeireiv...émiureiv, § 1. A sen- 
tentious description of a restless agitator. — T@...xpdmevos, ‘‘under the 
fairest pretence,” i. e. of saving the city, § 68; dvduari, i. e. cwoew, G., 
188, N. 2, and 277, 2. H., 607, a, 789, b. — 88dexKaXos, “a prompter.” 

79. — éketvos, “that” long expected. — payopévous pév...pndrfopevous 
Sé. ‘‘wév and dé are often employed also to connect two clauses, of which 
only the second properly belongs in the connection ; while the other is 
merely inserted in order to heighten by contrast the effect of the second.” 
Buttmann’s Gr., § 149, 11. Here de? wh eivac is not said with reference to 
KpetrTous eivat, but #rrovs. Accordingly, the pév clause is to be translated 
by ‘‘ while,” or ‘‘ seeing that,” with a finite verb, while 6é remains untrans- 
lated. — wodeplev...éxpav, these synonymes correspond respectively to 
the Latin hostis and inimicus, the former a foreign or public enemy, the 
latter a domestic or private one, 


Notes. i 


&0. — dy, limiting xdpw. G., 153, N. 1. H., 810. — tere, imperative. 
See note on xdpw amodidivar, § 60. — dy...dpylferc, imperative. G., 173. 
H., 577. —dmoter, i. e. in Eleusis, see Introd. — pév...émBovdevere, see 
qote on waxouevous mév, § 79. — adie, G., 86. H., 723, a. 

81. — Karnyépyrar 84. So Bake, Frohberger, Scheibe, and Sauppe, 
for the MSS. xarzyooe?re 5é. Also Rauchenstein in earlier editions, whose 
sixth edition emends to xardyvwre 6é, with Kayser and others. Trans- 
late: ‘‘the accusation of Eratosthenes and his friends is now complete.” 
ee ts, twandN. hin -Gs,, 173524 N. 

The analysis of the remainder of the oration is as follows: §§ 81-91, 
Comments on the complete case as it stands. (1) These judicial formalities 
give an undeserved advantage to the tyrant, § 81, for whom no stretch of 
severity could be excessive, $§ 82, 83, while any mitigation is unseemly, 
and the proposal audacious, § 84; which proposal, however, marks the 
accomplices of the traitors, § 85. (2) These pleaders for the defendant 
are remarkable as men of doubtful merit and lukewarm patriotism, § 86. 
(3) The defendant’s witnesses also occupy a singular position ; they give 
the court credit for slight discernment, § 87, and suppose it to be unmind- 
ful of what has been endured and perpetrated, §§ 88, 89. (4) A square 
statement of the alternative issues, stripped, of all excuse and subterfuge 
for the friends of the defendant, §$ 20, 91. — An exhortation to the two 
classes of which the jury was composed, $$ 92-98: (1) those of the city, 
§§ 92-94, and (2) those of the Pireus, §§ 95-98, basing an appeal for 
their verdict upon a summary statement of the recent and present situation 
of each respectively. — The Peroration : (1) a condensed reiteration of the 
principal charges, § 99; (2) a reminder to the court of the duty due to 
those unjustly put to death, § 100. See Analysis. 

ois...dvotoa, ‘‘to whom he will refer in defence” ; eis ods is the more 
common construction with dvagépw. — amodoylas, plural, with reference to 
all the various charges. — pévrou, ‘‘yet’’; the connection of thought is as 
follows: ‘‘ The accusation is complete, yet I ought to speak of the advan- 
tage over the city which this trial gives Eratosthenes, for he,” ete. —karq- 
yopos Kal Sixacti\s aitds; at first without restriction, but when, after 
many arbitrary executions, the Thirty were obliged to make concessions to 
the views of Theramenes, it was determined that no person in the list of 
the privileged Three Thousand (see note on xarendicaro, § 52) might be 
doomed to death by the Thirty without appeal (Xen. Hedi., I]. 3, 51): all 
others, as before, held their lives at the tyrants’ mercy. Under this rule, 
Lysias intimates, it was much easier for Eratosthenes to obtain verdicts 
than it is now for the city to get a verdict against him by due process of 
law. Compare the remark of Grote upon the unconstitutional condemna- 
tion of the six generals for neglect at the Arginuse : ‘‘ There has been no 


> 


142 Notes. 


people, ancient or modern, in whose view the formalities of judicial trial 
were habituaily more sacred and indispensable than that of the Athenians; 
formalities including ample notice beforehand to the accused party, with a 
measured and sufficient space of time for him to make his defence before 
the dicasts ; while those dicasts were men who had been sworn beforehand 
as a body, yet were selected by lot for each occasion as individuals.” Hist., 
VIII. 196. 

82. — ot8’ dv, G., 42, 2, and Note 1. — wapavdpws ; the fate of the six 
generals could hardly fail to have suggested and been suggested by this 
word. We have already observed, §§ 36, 68, that the orator seems afraid 
of that topic, though it is one that he can hardly help referring to. —agfiav 
construe with A\dBorre. — dv...wddww, G., 159, and N. 2. H., 555. av, by 
attraction for d. —l...maQdvres, ‘‘by what sufferings?” What regular 
form of the protasis does this participle represent? Observe the position 
of dy, and see note on ov’ dv above. — elnoav...SeSaxdres, G., 18, 1. 

83. — dv ovrot, the antecedent of dy is the uets in AdBouwev. — GAG 
‘yap, see the same and note, § 40; translate: ‘‘ but [why speak of full satis- 
faction ?] for,” ete. This elliptical expression is equivalent to ‘‘ nay, more.” 
—Xphpara ra havepd, ‘real property,” in distinction from cash and val- 
uables which the Thirty had probably removed. — Sypetoere...gxor, G., 
54, 1, (0). —Kadas av égxou, ‘would it satisfy?” — eiARjgacww ; observe 
the special force of the perfect, denoting the continuance of the result (G., 
17, N. 2, and Rem.), as distinct from the aorist éferdp@yoav, denoting mo- 
mentary past occurrence. Although part of these losses could be made 
good out of the confiscated estates of the tyrants, it was not possible to 
effect a restoration to the rightful owners of all the property which had 
unlawfully changed hands during the troubles. . 

84, — 8lxnv wap’ avrav ; after these words Rauchenstein and others put 
a conjectural [déiav) without, as it seems, sufficient reason. 6éixyv alone 
here stands intelligibly enough as the equivalent of dixny délav, § 82, and 
ixavip dixnv, § 838. Compare dixny dodvar Sivawr' dv, § 37. — mas otk ai- 
oxpdv, see ovx ody dewdv and note, § 36. — Fvtiwotv, H., 816, a. Suits (see 
XVI., General Note, 7) were of two kinds, according as a variable penalty 
was inflicted at the discretion of the court (this was the dixy tTiuwyrH), or as 
the penalty was prescribed and fixed by law (dikn driunros). The present 
case was of the former kind, as the law contemplated no such accumulation 
of crimes as Eratosthenes was charged with. — BotAoro, G., 61, 4. —&v... 
ToApAoat; what form of the finite verb does this represent? G., 53, com- 
pare 41 and 21. Where does the protasis appear? G., 52, 1. — vuvl, em- 
phatic. — odx Etépav dvtov Tav StkacTayv ; ‘the subject generally has the 
article, the predicate not”; Arnold’s Gr. Prose Composition: H., 535. — 
THS ToUTOU Tovnplas ; iustead of rov’rov we might expect éavrod, since the 


Notes. 1% 


subject dorzs refers to Eratosthenes (see note on otrwes, § 40, and compare 
note on ds, § 65); otros, however, as the common designation of an adver- 
sary in court, is not uncommonly used by Lysias, where we should expect 
the reflexive. See note on rovrovs, XXV., § 33. — 4...4, equivalent here 
rather to vel...vel than to aut...aut, the assigned grounds of Eratosthenes’s 
confidence, xarameppovynxev and wemictevxey, being tantamount to each 
other, as the course of thought in the next section shows. 

85. — é8tvavro ; why is the imperfect used here instead of the aorist, 
as in the next line? G., 49, 2 (second paragraph). Observe the changes 
of number in this section and the preceding, as if Eratosthenes and the 
Thirty were equivalent terms. — py, G., 283, 4. H., 839. — cvprpar- 
tTovtwv, G., 16, 2. Compare rére cuumparrovras, § 46. — eXOetv, i. e. into 
court. — BonOjcovres ; these were in part the cuvepodvres, § 86, and in 
part other persons who appeared in court to throw their influence in favor 
of the defendant. —rot Aourod ; what distinction in meaning between the 
genitive and the accusative? H., 591, fine print. 

86. — cvvepotvtwy, see General Note, 4. — dgtov Savpdtev, ‘Swe well 
may wonder.” — airyoovtra, H., 689, ‘‘ will intercede.” — éeBovAspny, G., 
226, 2, fine print. H., 752. Like the Latin vellem, €8ovéuny dv may refer 
to past time, and here, with eiva:, means, ‘‘I could have wished them to 
be.” G., 49, 2. In § 22 it is used in reference to present time. — odrot, 
supply mpov@unoivro. — %, ‘‘ or whether.” — odx...ov8eis...0ddé, G., 283, 8, 
last part. H., 843. The emphasis of the strengthened negative is thrown 
on 7a dixaca, in contrast with the present readiness to defend the wrong. 
H., 858, b. 

87. — &§tov iSetv, compare Cicero’s expression, operee pretium est cogno- 
scere ; Or. in Catil., IV. 8. — 16...dA8es. Rauchenstein reads To8...rd7- 
Govs. But see the following accusatives with 6g, and compare & tyas, 
§ 58, 6: érépous, XXV., § 29. — robs tptdkovTa odcev, intimating that a 
verdict for Eratosthenes would be a verdict for the Thirty. —8é= ‘‘ while.” 
— én’ ékhopdy. Frohberger cites Hsch., III. 235: of tpedxovra ovd’ éxt 
Tas Tapas kal éxpopas trav TedevTnTavTwY elwy Tos TpocrKovTaS Tapaye- 
véc@at. 

88. — ots otro. daéderav, a rhetorical amplification thrown in with 
special reference to the following clause. — teXevthoavtes, often used abso- 
lutely, without the rév Biov. — wépas...tuzwpias, ‘are debarred from tak- 
ing vengeance on their enemies.” — od« odv Setvév, see § 36. —Tav pév, sce 
note on paxouévous uév, § 79.— cvvaraddruvto, G., 11, N. 4. — én’ éxgopay, 
as if there were no doubt of the defendant’s condemnation. — ordre, be- 
tween this and the preceding clause some such expression as ds elxés is im- 
plied. — Bon@etv, emphatic: when so many are ready for the more arduous 
work of defending them, how many more would attend their funeral ! 

8 ; 


114 Notes. 


89.— Kal pév 84, see the same, § 30, and note. The number ready to 
aid Eratosthenes occasions a sarcastic reference to his claiin, § 25, avréXe- 
yor. — woddw, G., 188, 2. H., 610. —etvar, ‘‘that it would have been,” 
G., 15, 3, supply dv, see ofdv 7 fv, and note, § 49.—%, ‘‘than” [it is]. 
The implied ecivac is a present tense here, while an imperfect before. — 
a&modoyjoacGat, the distinction between the cuvvepotvres and the pdprupes 
is dropped at this word, which applies to both, as BonOodvres ; see the pre- 
ceding Bo7nGeiv, § 88. — trav &dAdAov “EAAQvav. Lysias meets the claim 
that Eratosthenes is the least culpable of the Thirty, by claiming that he 
is a citizen who has harmed his country more than any foreign enemy. 
Compare Cicero in Catil., 1V. 5: qui autem reipublice sit hostis, ewm eivem 
esse nullo modo posse. 

SO. — Selkere, G., 25, N. 5, (a), Markland’s conjectural emendation of 
the common reading deffare. This and the following section have mainly 
in view the city party, who are directly addressed in § 92. — 84Aot...as, G., 
118, N. land 10. Francken remarks that the only other example of this 
construction in good Attic [prose] writers is Xen. Anab., I. 5, 9.—-a... 
mpooraxGévra, an allusion to the defendant’s plea, § 25. 

91,— drrolsngroapévous, G., 277, 2. H., 789, b. —KpdpSyy, ‘in secret.” 
H., 492, h. See General Note, 3. Comp. Demosth. XIX. 239: ef xpvBonv 
éorly 1 Widos. 

92. — ddiya...dvapvqoas, G., 159 and N. 2. H., 554. — naraBatvey, 
i. e. from the speaker’s platform ((Bjua). — 8a trottwv, compare 6a 76 
ahi,Oos, § 87, and note. The genitive with dca denoting the means, and 
the accusative denoting the efficient cause, are in this connection about 
equivalent. — mapaSelypara, H., 556, a, “‘ warning examples.” — €xovres, 
“with,” G., 109, Note 8. — HpxeoOe, in this word lies the hatefulness of 
the past tyranny, as contrasted with the present liberty expressed, § 94, 
by wodcrevecbe. — wodepov, G., 159. H., 547, a. — ATT Cévres, in the fol- 
lowing paradox the unnaturalness of their recent civil war is well charac- 
terized. 

93. — otkous ; ofxos often = ovcla, as, Lysias, XIX. 47: oikos ov Eharror 
h €xarov Tahdvrwv. — & Tov Tpaypdrey, ‘as a result of their administra- 
tion.” Compare § 56: the narrative, §§ 6-20, has substantiated the asser- 
tion. Rauchenstein and Scheibe before éx insert [év]. But while personal 
aggrandizement would have been a result of prolonged power, it was an 
actual result while their power lasted. Frohberger and others therefore 
reject the [dv]. — tpas, i. e. you as a community ; there were individual 
exceptions to the rule; see the next oration, § 16. — cuvadereto Bar, “to 
share benefits,” ovvduaBddd\ecOar, ‘‘to share accusations” ; vas is sub- 
ject of both; as to the idea, see note on macw dro, § 30. — KOLVOULEVOL... 
peradiSdvres, denoting the means, see dwongicapévous, § 91. — &kTavTo, 


Notes. 115 


G., 200, N. 2. H., 702. —rav dvadav, i. e. by compulsory participation 
in their outrages; compare Plato, Apol., § 20: Kal dddots Exeivor moddois 
mwoNNa wpocérarrov Bovimevae ws wreicrous dvardijoat airiGv. — wovTo eivat, 
G., 15, 2, N. 3. See note on Govro xrjcacba, § 19. ‘* By such partici- 
pation,” remarks Grote, ‘‘these citizens became compromised and imbrued 
in crime, and, as it were, consenting parties in the public eye to all the 
projects of the Thirty ; exposed to the same general hatred as the latter, 
and interested for their own safety in maintaining the existing dominion.” 
Hist., VIII. 244. 

94. — avd’ av, H., 813, fine print. — &v Ta Oappadéw, G., 139, 2. H., 496. 
— tipwphoacbe, H., 691. — HpxeoGe, recalling the odious word (see § 92) 
for the sake of the contrast. — viv belongs with modcrevecOe, H., 885 ; 
compare elpnuévors bm’ éuod, § 77, and note. — aploray, i. e. the divdpes aya- 
Oot in § 97. —-rodeplots, the tyrants now besieged in Eleusis. — émkotpav, 
the garrison of 700 Spartans ; see Introd. —axpdmodty. The Acropolis, or 
citadel of Athens, was ‘‘a square craggy rock rising abruptly abont 150 feet, 
with a flat summit of about 1,000 feet long from east to west, by 500 broad 
from north to south.” It was the chief centre of the architectural splendor 
of Athens. ‘After the Persian wars the Acropolis had ceased to be in- 
habited, and was... . covered with the temples of gods and heroes, and 
thus its platform presented not only a sanctuary, but a museum, containing 
the finest productions of the architect and the sculptor.” (Smith’s Sinaller 
Hist. Greece, Ch. X., which see for a good condensed account of the Acrop- 
olis.) The occupation of their national sanctuary by domineering foreign- 
ers must have stirred the indignation of every patriotic Athenian. With 
this well-put appeal, therefore, the orator closes his address to that portion 
of his hearers from which he might apprehend some opposition. 

95.— torwatra, see the same, and note, § 47. — Ilepatas, the Pireus 
party was the one which Lysias had sided with, see Introd., and on whose 
full sympathy he might reckon. — paéxas, see wédeuov, and note, § 92. — 
adypeOnre TA STAG, G., 164. H. 553, a. See note on adeidovro, § 40. — 
eEexnptxOnre (see XXV., § 22). After the destruction of Theramenes, the 
Thirty forbade those who were not enrolled in the privileged list of the 
Three Thousand (see nofe on xareWndicaro, § 52) to enter the city. Xen. 
Hell., 11. 4. 1. — wéXewv, those, namely, in alliance with Sparta. Xeno- 
phon, as just referred to, says évér\noav cal ra Méyapa xal ras OA Bas ray 
Umoxwpovvtwy. Almost all of Greece was then included in the Lacedemo- 
nian alliance ; compare § 97, mavraxdOev éxxnpuTTouevor. Several cities 
refused to comply with the demand of Sparta, especially the two above 
named, with Argos, and Chalcis in Eubcea. — é&yrotvro, for the middle 
voice, compare 7r7caTo, § 59, alrjcovra, § 86, and notes. The demand of 
Sparta was inspired by the Thirty, and is therefore charged to their account. 


116 Notes. 


96.— dpyiocOyre ; distinguish by the accent the aorist imperative from 
the aorist subjunctive. Happily for Athens, this strong and natural desire 
of revenge did not control the policy of the restored democracy. See Introd. 
‘The Athenian Demos, on coming back from Pirzus, exhibited the rare 
phenomenon of a restoration, after cruel wrong suffered, sacrificing all the 
strong impulse of retaliation to a generous and deliberate regard for the 
future march of the commonwealth.” Grote, Hist., VIII. 303. —6r édbed- 
yete, “when you were in exile.” — of, compare of7wes, § 40 and ds, § 65. 
—ayopas. The Agora — corresponding in nature to the Forum at Rome — 
lay at the foot of the Acropolis toward the northwest ; not southwest, as 
generally stated (see Smith’s Map, 1873). It was adorned with colonnades, 
one of which, the Zrod IlockiAy (from which the Stoic philosophers got their 
name), was especially famous for its paintings ; and was lined with temples 
and the statues of gods and heroes. Here also was the Senate House (Bov- 
AeurHprov), and the @ddos, or Round House, in which the Prytanes (see XVI., 
General Note, 3) took their common meals, and offered sacrifice. As a 
focus of political freedom, and under the special protection of the tutelary 
gods whose statues and temples it contained, the Agora is significantly 
mentioned here in connection with 7&v iepdv, as desecrated by the violators 
of civil liberty. —é tav tepav cuvaptatovres, e. g. Theramenes had been 
dragged from the altar of Hestia in the senate house. — dovéas atray, i. e. 
by drinking the hemlock-cup. — taofs, see §§ 18, 87. — BeBarorépay ; 
there is a kind of (rhetorical) zeugma here ; as applied to the government 
it means more stable, as applied to the divine vengeance it means more cer- 
tain. For the definition of grammatical zeugma, see H. 882. 

97. — Svépvyov ; Suepvyere would correspond better with the concluding 
jOere. — wAavyGévtes : after the triumph of the extremists in the murder 
of Theramenes, such a reign of terror set in throughout Attica, that emi- 
grants in great numbers, and many in great destitution, swarmed into all 
the adjacent districts. — éxxnputrdépevot, see note on éddewr, § 95. — tro- 
Acwia, predicate, compare raxelav, and note, § 70; translate, ‘‘ their native 
country, which had become a hostile country.” — trovs pév, i. e. those left 
behind... . rods dé, i. e. those in exile; in each case the preceding rows 
maiéas. — For the terms of peace, see Introd. So far as concerns actual 
fighting between the Pireus party, under Thrasybulus, and the Spartans, 
under Pausanias, the honors of war were chiefly, though not wholly, with 
the latter. But the spirit and force displayed by the exiles, together 
with the universal clamor against the misgovernment of Athens, combined 
with the anti-Lysandrian feelings of Pausanias to put the speediest end 
to the troubles by an accommodation satisfactory to the Athenians them- 
selves. For Sparta herself this was not only the easier course, but also, in 
the view of the Greeks generally, the more popular one, 


Notes. 117 


98. — rotrev, ‘‘ these objects,” i. e. the liberation and the restoration, 
G., 171. H., 580. — dv, see note on odd’ dv, § 82. — épedyere ; why not 
aorist; like the connected verbs? See édvvayro, and note, § 85; translate, 
*‘you would be in exile.” H., 698. — pr waOyre, G., 20 and 46. — tpd- 
tous, as described, § 96.— ml Eévys, supply yijs. —cvpBoralwy, “loans”; 
properly, bonds or notes for repayment of loans. — éSotAcvoy, as bound to 
liquidate their indebtedness by a fair term of service. 

99.— ’AdAG yap, see XXV., § 17, and note. — +d péeAdAovta, equivalent 
to & éuedXev, with an implied dy, G., 49, 2, N. 3, (¢). — od vvdpevos eizeiv, 
recurring to the thought with which he began, dvdyxn...daecreiv, § 1. — 
mpo8upias, G., 172. H., 575. — av tepav, a term comprehending, with 
the temples themselves, also the movables therein, and the lands belonging 
thereto : the wider signification appears in dmédovro ; the narrower in eécc- 
évres — ep.larvov ; the presence of a man-slayer or other criminal polluted 
the sanctuary. Observe the distinction between the aorist and imperfect. 
amédovro refers to them as sold and done with ; éuéawov, as subject to recur- 
ring acts of desecration. — ptixpav érrolouy, see § 70. — tav vewptwv ; these 
included ship-houses (vewcorxor), of which, in the three harbors of Pirzeus, 
there were 372, dock-yards for building (vavmijy:a), and a naval arsenal 
(sxevoO4xn) which contained armor and stores for 1,000 ships. These vedpra, 
or navy-yards, were constructed, under Pericles, at a cost of 1,000 talents. 
The Thirty had let out the work of demolishing them for the sum of three 
talents. Their motive is stated § 40. — ots...BonO4care, compare ofs dy\Wd- 
care, § 60. 

100. — hpeyv, all the speakers. — tpas eoecOar...dépovtas, “will take 
knowledge how you vote.” — aroydionabe, G., 61, 3. —airav, “them,” 
reflexive, with some emphasis. H., 671. — kataWydueto Oat, which Scheibe 
(ed. II.), Cobet, Frohberger, etc., read after the MSS., seems preferable to 
the conjectural xateWygicpévous écecPa, which Rauchenstein adopts. — 
AdBwory ; AdByre would correspond better with the preceding droyydioncée : 
for a similar interchange of the second and third persons, see § 97, déguyov 
and #\@ere. — wetrotnpévous, G., 113; not to be diluted into an infinitive 
by supplying écec@ar. — Tlatoopar...dxatere, for the asyndeton (H., 854) 
Frohberger cites Aristotle, Rhet., III. 19, reXeuri bé rijs Né~ews apudrrer 7 
dovvéeros, Srws éridoyos, dda u AOYos 7° ElpnKa, dxynkdare, ExeTE, Kpivare. 
— €xere, ‘‘you understand”; literally, ‘‘you have,” i. e. the facts and 
their interpretation. In Latin, habeo is similarly used. The first four 
imperatives may be imagined as deliberately uttered, in tones correspond- 
ing to their climactic arrangement; then a pause at the colon, followed, 
impressively, by the concluding dixdfere. 


118 Notes. 


REPLY TO “THE OVERTHROW OF THE 
DEMOCRACY.” 


XXV. 
INTRODUCTION. 


Ir has been stated in the Introduction to the Oration against Eratos- 
thenes, that in order to check revengeful prosecutions after the restor- 
ation of the democracy, B. c. 403, Archinus, who had been the chief 
colleague of Thrasybulus in the struggle for the restoration, and to 
whom, next to the gods, as Demosthenes said, the city was indebted 
for her salvation, had the famous law passed, in the year after the | 
restoration, which entitled persons prosecuted contrary to the amnesty 
to the privilege of a demurrer. Reference has also been made in the 
General Note (5) to the Defence of Mantitheus to the dokimasy, or 
scrutiny of the record of persons chosen to office, as affording an 
opportunity for the gratification of animosity in cases where it would 
be less easy to prosecute successfully a complaint under a specific 
law. In the present oration we probably find an instance where the 
revenge precluded by the law of Archinus was sought through the 
dokimasy. That this oration was prepared for a case in dokimasy 
seems pretty clear from some expressions in §§ 3 and 4. Such as the 
following, § 10, duas ody ypy ex Tovtwy Soxtpaery Tovs modiras, and 
§ 23, as perexovtas Tv mpaypdr@y, are not easy to understand in 
any other way. 

That the date of the oration must be placed very soon after the 
restoration, is probable, not only from § 24, which represents the exiled 
faction as watching to see what policy would be adopted in the resettle- 
ment of affairs, but also from the way in which the time of misrule 
is referred to as but just past. From §§ 23 and 28, in which only the 
oaths of amnesty and concord are referred to, it has been inferred that 
the law of Archinus had not yet been passed, and consequently that 
the oration was delivered between the restoration in September, 403, 
and the beginning of 402. But as the law of Archinus had reference 
only to judicial proceedings, and provided only a judicial bar to such 
proceedings, the inference from silence in regard to that law in a case 


Notes. 119 


of dokimasy perhaps cannot be absolutely depended on. In the 
dokimasy, says Curtius, “it was easy to reopen the old account of 
wrongs, without violating the amnesty in terms ; and whosoever, after 
giving a lively description of the oligarchic intrigues, put the ques- 
tion whether men who had taken part in them were really worthy of 
filling offices of public trust, might rely upon applause, and cheaply 
acquire the glory due to a friend of the people.” — Hist., IV. p. 153. 
It is clear from an expression in § 28, that some interval had elapsed 
since the restoration. See note on wodAdkis ... dtexeAevoavto. This 
interval, however, can hardly have been more than a year. 

The title given to this oration by the old grammarians is not ob- 
viously intelligible. It is probable (see Curtius, Hzst., IV. p. 155, note) 
that the phrase djuou Karadvors — “‘ overthrow of the democracy” — 
had become a party cry of demagogues, and that it contains the pith 
of the objection made to the present speaker, as having favored the 
recent overthrow of the democratical constitution. His defence, 
therefore, might be entitled a “ Reply to the Charge of Overthrowing 
the Democracy,” or, in abbreviated form, a “ Reply to ‘ the Overthrow 
of the Democracy.’ ” 

A wonderful moderation had characterized the proceedings of the 
Athenian democracy in its exultant return to power. The soul of 
that policy, so unprecedented in Greece, was Thrasybulus, and the 
equally worthy, though less celebrated, Archinus, of whom Curtius 
says, that “in intellectual capacity and in the spirit of his opinions, 
he was the foremost man of the restoration.” — Hist., IV. p. 68. The 
race of sycophants, however, had not died out (see Gencral Note (10) 
to the Oration against Eratosthenes) ; and as it was not to be expected 
that the magnanimous spirit of the leading patriots would animate 
every democrat who had suffered from the fury of the oligarchs, so 
the arts of venal and greedy men were at hand to rouse and tempt 
the dormant spirit of revenge. And this indeed took place. “ Fel- 
lows of the vilest kind, only entitled to be tolerated in the city... 
under cover of the amnesty, promoted the most shameless charges, 
and hired themselves out for money to annoy other citizens in the 
enjoyment of this very amnesty.” —Curtius, Hist., IV. p. 155. Such 
persons apparently had appeared against the present speaker. If their 
base practices were to succeed, could the original policy of amnesty 
and toleration be supplanted by one of proscription and revenge, the 
road to another revolution would be entered on. And the stability 


120 Notes. 


of the restored democracy lay only in turning a deaf ear to the men 
who for ends of the most despicable selfishness sought to evoke and 
pander to the spirit of retaliation. The only prospect of peace and 
prosperity lay in faithful adherence to the Thrasybuline policy of 
moderation, and the oaths that guaranteed it, § 28. 

This is the drift of the speaker’s argument. He speaks like a man 
who, previous to the revolution, might have favored a moderate 
oligarchy, or at least a limited democracy. He, indeed, avows no 
preference for either form of government, and it is quite clear that he 
is no earnest democrat ; but the tone which he adopts — urging the 
interests of the country as superior to those of party — is sneh as 
any sensible member of a hopelessly worsted party might well assume 
at such a time. In contrast with the prevailing spirit in Grecian 
politics, the sentiments of the speaker are remarkably elevated. (See 
note to § 70 in the preceding oration.) 

The difference in tone between this oration and the Oration against 
Eratosthenes is very striking. In that we seemed to hear the cry of 
an extremist for vengeance ; in this we listen to the plea of a mod- 
erate for toleration. It is not necessary, however, to suppose that the 
views of Lysias had undergone such a change in the short time — at 
most but a few months — since he had demanded the punishment of 
his brother’s murderer. Eratosthenes having been specially excepted, 
as one of the Thirty, from the amnesty, Lysias could with entire con- 
sistency pursue him to the death, and at the same time call upon the 
people, as in this oration, to abide by their covenant with those to 
whom amnesty had been sworn. It is quite unnecessary, therefore, to 
attempt to account for the difference in the tone of these two orations, 
by referring to what has been said in the Biographical Introduction of 
Lysias’s skill in adapting speeches to the rabies: and circum- 
stances of the speakers. 

Lysias was on friendly terms with Thrasybulus and other leading 
democrats, and we may well suppose that we have in this oration the 
views, not only of Lysias himself, but of the best men in the party 
which then controlled the policy of Athens. 

The burden of the charge against the speaker was, that he had not 
cast in his lot with the exiled democrats, but had remained in the city 
during the despotism of the Thirty, by which, it was claimed, he. 
showed himself on the side of those who had overthrown the democ- 
racy, as a man who had nothing to fear from them. The reply is 


Notes. 121 


presented in a very simple train of thought, which, with no display 
of oratorical ingenuity or art, holds us by its solid good sense and 
transparent truthfulness. 

In form, the oration is a personal exculpation, but in substance it is 
a statesmanlike demonstration of a sound political policy. Twice in 
the last nine years had internal abuses, through the machinations of 
sycophants and oligarchs, overthrown the democracy ; and no sooner 
had the state regained liberty and peace after the second and most 
disastrous of these revolutions, than the same evil practices began to 
be rife which had led to the woes just past. In such a situation the 
speaker, mostly abstaining from his personal matters (and therein 
presenting a marked contrast to Mantitheus), proceeds to show, from 
the fresh memory of the recent troubles, where lies the seed of all 
political instability and disorganization, and to demonstrate the only 
basis of future permanency and prosperity under the newly re-estab- 
lished government. 


GENERAL NOTE ON POINTS OF THE ATHENIAN CON- 
STITUTION TOUCHED IN THIS ORATION. 


1. Arbitrators. The pressure of business on the courts of Athens 
was relieved by the institution of arbitrators (8ca:rnrat). Of these 
there were two kinds, the private (aiperoi), chosen by parties them- 
selves, as among us, to be referees in particular cases, and the public, 
drawn annually by lot («Anperoi). The number of these arbitrators 
in the year B. Cc. 325 is known by an inscription to have been one 
hundred and four. It is probable that they heard civil causes only. 
It was at the option of the complainant to bring his case before them or 
a higher court. Which of the public arbitrators should hear any case 
was determined by lot. The parties might, however, agree to select 
their arbitrator. In that case there was no appeal from the award. 
The public arbitrators, besides lawsuits, sometimes sat to examine 
matters which could not be conveniently examined in a court of jus- 
tice, as wills, deeds, ete. It was sometimes the case also, that they 
were called on to preside at the examination by torture of a slave 
supposed to be cognizant of some disputed matter. (See General Note, 
VII. 2.) The compensation of the public arbitrators was by pre- 
scribed fees from the parties interested.- 


122 Notes. 


2. The Euthyne. The legislation of Solon, B. c. 594, imposed on 
the archons the requirement of having their year of office reviewed 
and judged by the popular assembly. This custom spread at a later 
period into every branch of the public service. Every person who 
had filled any office — the dicasts excepted — was obliged, within 
_ thirty days after the expiration thereof, to render an account (evOivn) 
of his administration. Until this was done, many of the civil and 
even personal rights of the ex-official remained in abeyance, and who- 
ever refused to render his account was punished with forfeiture of 
civil rights. Any citizen had the right to bring complaint against an 
ex-official in the euthyne. In the case of financial officers the scrutiny 
was specially strict ; in many other cases, the mere non-appearance 
of an accuser entitled the past officer to an honorable discharge. 

3. Atimia (dtmia), literally signifying dishonor, technically signi- 
fied the loss of civil rights. He who incurred it suffered a kind of 
civil death. He was excluded from the agora, the public sanctuaries, 
and the public sacrifices ; he could be neither plaintiff, defendant, nor 
witness in any judicial process ; he could neither speak nor vote in 
any public body ; he could hold no place whatever in any branch of 
the public service. While he was not actually proscribed as a mark 
for enemies, he had no claim to the protection of the laws so long as 
he was in atimia (aripos). 

Atimia was of three kinds, (1) total and perpetual ; (2) total, but 
terminable ; (3) partial. The first kind was inflicted on givers or 
takers of bribes, defaulters to the treasury, cowards, false witnesses, 
false accusers, unfilial sons, unjust judges, spendthrifts, fornicators, 
and those who insulted a magistrate in his duty. The second kind 
was terminable as soon as the duties were performed, whose neglect 
had incurred it; the public debtor was atimos no longer than his 
debt remained unpaid. The third kind extended only to particular 
rights ; e. g. the failure of an accuser to carry the votes of one fifth of 
the jury deprived him of the right to appear again as accuser in a 
similar case. 

It was difficult to remove atimia in ordinary times ; but occasion- 
ally, when grave peril menaced the state, considerations of the public 
safety induced the restoration of civil rights to the atimot in a body, 
§ 27. 

4. Apagoge (amaywyn). This was a summary process, by which a 
culprit caught in the act could be led at once before a magistrate, 


Notes. 123 


who, upon proof of guilt, could inflict punishment without reference 
to the courts ; otherwise the case must go up for regular jury-trial. 
The magistrates who presided over the apagoge were generally the 
Eleven (the board which had charge of the prisons, the police, and the 
punishment of criminals), or some one of the archons. In case the 
complaint were ill-founded, the complainant was liable to forfeit 1,000 
drachms ($181). The process of apagoge was tyrannically abused by 
the Thirty. (See also General Note, VII. 3.) 





NOTES. 


XXV. 


ANALYSIS. 


I. —The Exordium, §§ 1-4. 
The orator conciliates his judges, and impugns his accusers, § 1. 
Declares these either incompetent or false, § 2. 
Asks that they be discountenanced, and the innocent impartially treated, for 
the city’s sake, § 3. 
As both innocent and meritorious, he claims civil rights, § 4. 
II —The Argument, §§ 5-34. 
A. Negatively. There is no case against him; the accusers have been driven to 
tax him with the crimes of others, § 5, but 
It is unjust to reward or punish the wrong persons, § 6. 
B. Positively. 
1. With reference to his own case, §§ 7-18. 
a. In general: the test of the revolutionary and of the loyal spirit, 
§§ 7, 8. 
As illustrated in the two recent revolutions, § 9. 
Furnishing a fair rule for the dokimasy, § 10. 
And a test of the accusations of sycophants, § 11. 
b. In particular: his own case as illustrating the foregoing principle, 
§ 12. 
Especially as to his condition under the recent oligarchies, §§ 13, 
14. 
_ And to his conduct during the same, §§ 15, 16. 
Which record gnarantees his future course, § 17. 
Who then are not, and who are, worthy of popular displeasure, 
§ 18. 
2. From the tyranny of the Thirty. You blamed them for visiting the sins 
of the few upon the many, § 19. 
Consistency and the public good require you to blame their policy still, 
§ 20. 


124. Notes. 


3. From the suicidal error of the oligarchs. You were disheartened while - 
they agreed, § 21, but 
Elated and strengthened by their disagreements, § 22. 
Therefore concord and observance of the amnesty are your salvation, 
§ 23, but 
A proscriptive policy your perdition, hoped for by your enemies, § 24. 
4. From the history subsequent to the fall of the Four Hundred, §§ 25-27. 
Showing the ruinous consequences of listening to sycophants, § 27. 
5. From the counsels of the leaders of the restoration, § 28. 
With whom as political guides contrast the sycophants, §§ 29-31, 
Whose influence reduces democracy to a mere name, § 32, 
Who favor only their selfish ends, §§ 32, 33, 
Whose base principles and practices are notorious, § 34. 
III. — The Peroration, §§ 34, 35. 
The claim and the apprehension of innocent citizens in the situation of the 
speaker. 





1. —Xdywyv, i. e. those of the accusers. — yeyevnpévayv, i. e. in the time 
of the Thirty. — dpyiter@ar; Frohberger remarks, that a more usual con- 
struction with cvyyvwuny éxew rui is a participle, or a clause with e or éay, 
more rarely drt. dpyifecOa clearly stands in the relation of a protasis to 
cuyyrauny éxw (G., 52), and so one MS. reads ef épyiferbe. — dpeXobyres... 
émicdotvrat, Socrates (Mem., III. 7, 9) reproaches the Athenians in gen- 
eral with this fault : of yap qodXol wpunkdres ext TO oKoTely TA THY GOV 
mpdyuata, od tpérovrat érl 7d éavrods ekerdfew. — i bpas wefGav; instead 
of these words Francken would read duds weiPovres. — hpov, i. e. who 
remained in the city. — yuopny tatrny, i. e. dpyiferPar. 

2. —[mdv@’ 60d]. Frohberger and Francken read simply ood, without 
brackets. — @s...apoofKov, G., 110, 2, and see ws ov éxwv, XII., § 2, and 
note. — él, emphatic. — trovotvrar tods Adyous, see the same phrase, and 
note, XII., § 2. — évra, i.e. during the rule of the Thirty, @., 16, 2. — 
oidomep, H., 850, 3. — Bé&Attetos, Buttmann’s Gr., § 68, 1, thus dis- 
tinguishes in signification the anomalous forms of comparison given under 
ayabss : duetvwy, dpioros, abler, braver, filter ; BeNtiwv, BéXTioTOos, betier in 
amoral sense ; xpeloowv, kpatioros, stronger, superior ; Aawr, NeoTos, More 
advisable, only used in certain connections. — petvas, G., 109, 6. 

3. — é toitev, involves a protasis, = if they should accuse these. — 
xpnpar(tovto, because the innocent frequently, through timidity, prefer to 
pay hush-money. — é toov, ‘on equal terms,” i. e. to men of both parties. 
— ovT, involves a protasis, = “‘if you should so do.” G., 52, 1, and the 
concluding examples. 

4. — atrodjve...yeyeynpévos, for dmopivw éuavrov yeyernuévov, H., 797. 
So also Francken and Frohberger, instead of the drogav@ of the MSS. — 
Tatra, i.e. equal civil rights. — dv, depends on rvyxdvew. ~ 

5. — The speaker here begins his argument. See Analysis. — texpAptov, 


” 


Notes. 125 


of what, can easily be inferred. The thing to be proved is regularly stated, 
as Francken observes, by a clause with drs, but here the é7: clause contains 
the proof itself. — karnydpouv, for the construction following, see G. 173, 
2, N. — tipewpeto bar, middle. 

6. — eixétws &v, a repetition, in varied phraseology, of the idea already 
expressed in dixa:ov eivac. For a similar repetition, compare aic@dvec6a:, 
§ 23. The ay expressed with eixérws (which might also have been expressed 
with dixacov) indicates it as involving an apodosis. The full form would be 
eixétws dv éxew, el... TvyXdvorev. — ikavol...Kal...vopiZovtes, co-ordinate 
predicates after an understood eéciv. 

7. — ovs, an infrequent use of the relative in place of the interrogative. 
—al Sypoxparias; read instead x. ods 6. So Rauchenstein, Cobet, and 
Frohberger. — kal tpets, you, as well as I. — yuaoer$e, connects with the 
following ws. Frohberger, bracketing only dogaivwv, as the interpola- 
tion of some copyist, regards xal...mowjoouae as a genuine parenthesis. — 
év Snpoxpatia...év dAvyapxia, ‘‘under a democratic,”.... ‘under an 
oligarchic constitution.”” The same words with the article, as in §§ 11, 
15, 27, refer definitely to the actually existing democracy, or oligarchy. — 
ovdév, G., 160, 2. H., 848, a. —apoofkov, Rauchenstein supplies éoré :— 
better to construe here asin § 2. See G., 113 (), last example. Trans- 
late: ‘‘that I have no inducement at all to be ill-disposed.” 

8. — ddvyapxikds, H., 469, b. — Sypoxparikds, not elsewhere used by the 
orators, and so Cobet substitutes here its more common synonyme, dyyort- 
kés, Lat. popularis. Frohberger, however, cites an example from Plato's 
Republic, 1X. 571: 6 rupaynxds avinp was peOicrarac éx Snuoxparcxod, and 
remarks that the philosophical notion is what Lysias wishes here to express. 
As to the proposition here stated, it occurs also in Isocrates, VIII., § 133: 
mavowuela Snuorikovs pev elvat voutfovres Tovs cuxoddyras, ddvyapxiKovs be 
ToUs KaXovs Kayabovs T&v dvipay, ydvres Ste Hier ev ovdels ovdéTEpoY TOUTWY 
éotiv, év 4 0" dy Exacroe Tiudvra, TavTyY BovNovTar Kabcordvac Ti Todrelav. 
The idea that the individual existed for the state was combined in ancient 
politics with this idea that the state-constitution existed for the individual. 
— cupdépy, G., 62. — otk ehdxiorov, a litotes ; see the same, XII., § 22, 
and note. Translate: ‘‘it lies to a very great degree with you.” — ds mhel- 
orovs, H., 664, a. 

9. — mpooratas, H., 726.— pereBdddXovto, the imperfect is preferable to 
the aorist, because of the repeated changes. So also Scheibe. Two revolu- 
tions and two restorations had taken place in about nine years. — @pivixos, 
aman of great talents as an orator and a general, had worked his way up 
by intrigues and sycophancy, till we find him prominent among the Athe- 
nian commanders at Samos, B. c. 412 and 411. At first an opponent, he 
was gained over to be a partisan of the first oligarchy, and was assassinated 


126 Notes. 


shortly before the downfall of the Four Hundred. — IIeloavSpos, a man 
who stood in evil repute at Athens as an effeminate debauchee, and who 
was at the same time a born intriguer, and an adept in dissimulation. 
Curtius, Hist., III. p. 338. See also XII., § 66, and note, and VII., §-4. 
—rTas...Tirwplas, observe the article, —the due, or the lawful punishments. 
H., 527, c. — tiv mpotépav ddryapxiav, see XII., § 65. — enor, especially 
Theramenes, XII., §$ 66, 67.— atroypaapevev. Grote (Hist., VIII. 
p. 280, note 2) confesses that he does not comprehend this allusion. Rau- 
chenstein thinks it refers to those citizens who had pledged themselves to 
go with the Thirty, in case these thought it necessary to retire to Eleusis, 
but who, instead of keeping their engagement, united with the Pirzus 
forces under Thrasybulus in blockading Athens. Frohberger’s explanation 
seems preferable, viz.: Those who ‘‘enlisted for Eleusis ” are those who pre- 
ferred to remove to Eleusis under the Thirty, rather than remain in Athens 
under the amnesty ; but afterwards thought better of it, and joined the 
Athenian army in blockading their late superiors in Eleusis. 

10. — modtretas, observe the emphatic position given this word by in- 
verting the usual order of subject and predicate. — at Stadopail, see XII., 
§ 51. —é« Tovtev, ‘‘from this point of view.” — év rq Sypoxparla, see 
note on év Onuoxpatia, § 7. —ioav...memoArevpévor. Francken regards 
this connection of the pluperfect with the present, xp7, as a strange one, 
and suggests that xp7 should be xp#v. But see G., 17, N. 2. Translate 
accordingly: *‘ considering what their political relations were.” — éylyvero, 
the imperfect, with reference to a continued time after the change of con- 
stitution. — S&kavordryy, predicative, see raxetav, XII., § 70, and noie. 
Distinguish the protasis and the apodosis which are combined in the prop- 
osition otrw...mrooicbe. See ofrw, and note, § 3. 

11.— drusor, see General Note, 3.— eb0ivas, see General Note, 2.— 8dw- 
Kétes, suggests the ground of the atimia. — dmeorepnpévor...kexpry evar, 
supply #cav with each. Three classes are specified, viz. those who had 
suffered atimia, those who had been impoverished (perhaps by liturgies or 
fines), and those who had suffered any similar adversity (as by the loss of a 
valuable office). — mpoojkev adtrots; for another construction, see § 7. 
—éAmitevtas, remains constant to its infinitive, though its subject has 
been attracted into the dative by rpoo7jcew. — adrots treorCat, avrois is em- 
phatic. G., 145. H., 669, b. —éqetAcrar 8 adroits; when the relative 
pronoun would be in different cases in connected propositions, the Greek 
was fond of changing the relative to avrés, sometimes ofzos, in the second 
and successive members of a compound sentence. — tds mepl tottwv. So 
also Francken ; but Frohberger omits wept. — 005’ av, see dv...dvapéepwor, 
and note, XII., § 28. = ot...mpdrrovtes, ‘‘the politicians.” — dadcxocry, 
‘should assert.” The distinction between pdcoxw (assert, or allege) and 


Notes. 127 


g@nut (say), was not always observed. Compare ¢aciv, XII., § 49, VIL., 
§ 2; dnotv, VII., § 28. 

12. —épol, emphatic. — év éxelvy to xpdve, i. e. under the democracy, 
§ 11. —ovSepla, receives emphasis by separation from its subject, cvm@opd. 
— dy’ Yorvos. Compare av0’ drov, XII., § 2, and note. — dv mpobv- 
povpevos, G., 42, 2, and N.1. Compare ovd’ dy, XII., § 82, and note. — 
TapdvTwv...amaddayfjvat, see XII., § 45. — érépwv...rpayparwy, a change 
of government, a revolution ; so the Latin nove res. For érépwy Cobet 
reads vewrépwv. What difference between the conception of the imperfect, 
éreOijzouv, and an aorist, ére@iunoa ? — Terpinpapxnka, ...etodopas...Acdet- 
tovpynKka, see XII, General Note, 5, 6, 8. — ovdevos xeipov, the negative 
belongs to the adjective ; translate: ‘‘in a manner not inferior to any of 
the citizens.” See ovdevds #rrov, VII., § 31, and note. 

13. — mpoctarropévwy, no definite sum was required to be spent in the 
fulfilment of a liturgy, but a satisfactory execution of the trust was ex- 
pected. — atravapyy, H., 690. See VII., § 31. — PeAriov...vopitotpny, 
an unreserved avowal which no one hesitated to make. See XVI., § 17.— 
év...amertepovpyy, ‘of advantage from all which things I was deprived.” 
— Xdpitos, depends on rvyxdvew. A case in point was that of the wealthy 
Antiphon, who had furnished two well-equipped triremes for the war at his 
own cost, but was put to death by the Thirty. — ds...ciAnddres, G., 109, 
_N. 4. — ravrny, i.e. the injuries done you. The pronoun is very often 
assimilated to the gender of a predicate substantive. As to the fact stated, 
see XII., § 93. — rap’ jpav, i. e. those who remained in the city. — p... 
Adyots, see VII., § 34, note on déyuw. 

14.— tay tetpaxociwy, see é¢ipwy, XII., § 46. G., 169. H., 572, a. 
— 4, ‘‘else.” — 0 BovAspevos, G., 108, 2. —aapedOav eheyEdtw, ‘‘ step for- 
ward [to the bema] and confute me.” — od tofvuy ot8’ ; this emphasizes 
the second member of the sentence, see H., 859, a: translate: ‘‘nor in- 
deed, furthermore.” For the sixfold negative, see G., 283, 8. H., 843. 
ov qualifies the whole sentence, introducing it as a negative sentence ; ovdé 
belongs specially to the temporal clause. — Bovdctcavta...dptavra, H., 
708. — et pév...ei 8€ a sharply put and conclusive dilemma: ‘‘I was either 
not willing to serve under the Thirty, or not permitted to do so: if not 
willing, I deserve your approbation ; if not permitted, my accusers deserve 
your condemnation as liars.” For a similar bit of argument, see XII., § 34. 
— vuvi, emphatic. —tipaobat, i. e. by being admitted to the office to which 
I have been designated. — S{xatds etut, ‘‘I am entitled,” H., 777, and 
examples. — Wevdopévovs, predicate accusative, G., 166. H., 556. — dsro- 
SclEaupt; what is the protasis ? 

15. — d£vov oxéparlar, see note on désoy ldeiv, XII., § 87. — wapéryov. 
Could wape?yov have been used instead? With what difference would it 


128. Notes. 


have presented the thought? For the active instead of the middle, see 
H., 688, a. — KexpficOat, G., 18, 3, Remark.—im’ és0d, observe the em-- 
phasis repeatedly given to the personal pronoun in this section. — év Tq 
ddvyapxia, see év ddryapxig, § 7, and note. —amayGels ; for the technical 
meaning, see L. & S. Lex. (Am. ed.), drdyw, 1V. and General Note, 4. 
Imitating the despotic abuse of the summary process of apagoge by the 
Thirty (XII., § 16), private persons among their partisans resorted to it in 
taking revenge upon their enemies. — ed metmov0ds, that is, unjustly, and 
for party purposes: G., 165, N. 1. 

16. — od rotvuv ov’, see the same, and note, § 14. —ed trovety...xarerdy, 
because of the policy of the tyrants as described in XII., § 93. — katddo- 
yov, ‘‘a list of suspected persons was drawn up, in which each of the ad- 
herents of the tyrants was allowed to insert such names as he chose, and 
from which the victims were generally taken.” Grote, Hist., VIII. p. 247. 
—’A@nvatwv, join with ovdéva. — Siarrav, G., 159. H., 547, a. See 
General Note, 1. —Karaiiartyodpevos, causative middle. — wAovordrtepos, 
see § 26, and XII., § 93. 

17. — kal pév 8H, see XII., § 30, and note. The speaker calls attention 
to the record just exhibited. — éetts, not 6s, because, according to Froh- 
berger, not the man, but the sort of man is the turning-point of the argu- 
ment. Compare of and olrwes, § 18, and see XII., § 40, otrues, and note. 
— 7% mov, see XII., § 35, and note. — rpodvpynbycopeor; apparently the 
time since the restoration had been too brief for the speaker to give proof 
of good-will by any public service. —G@AAa ydp ; the ellipsis may be filled. 
by some such thought as ré de? rrelw Aéyew ; see XII., § 99. — ph EmrO- 
petv ; the same thought is elsewhere expressed by Lysias, e. g. XXI., § 15, 
kal Tots Gcois evxerGat Tovs dddous elvar ToLto’Tous ToNXiTas, va Tay méev bue- 
Tépwv ui) EwiOuujowot, Ta O€ THETEpa avTay eis buds dvaNioxwouw, 

18. — Sixatws, see XII., § 54, and note. — mvydvtas; distinguish the 
signification of the aorist from the present Pevyovres, § 20. — éxOpods, see 
evdouévous, and note, § 14. —adynonpévovs, observe the force of the middle. 
— odetépas adtay, a mere variation of the preceding éauréy, G., 137, N.1; 
147, N. 2. H., 676, fine print. — @v 7@ ote. Cobet strikes out the 7@. 
Frohberger, however, regards the article as giving a local, rather than a 
party reference to the phrase. —otrives, ‘‘such as”; see note on darts, § 17. 
— petéoxov, why not pérecxov ?— tpeis ; for the sake of antithesis to éxe?- 
vot, the subject of olec@e is here repeated in the nominative, despite the con- 
tiguous infinitive: see Buttmann’s Gr., § 142, N. 3: ‘‘ When, in a depen- 
dent clause, there are introduced other subjects besides that of the main 
sentence, and consequently, for the sake of antithesis, a repetition of the 
subject in the dependent clause seems necessary, a twofold construction 
may take place, viz. either all the subjects are putin the accusative, or the 


Notes. 129 


repeated subject stands alone in the nominative,” ete. Frohberger remarks 
that this construction is found in only one other instance in Lysias (XXX., 
§ 8), but is very frequent in Demosthenes, and not rare in Xenophon. — 
Tov TONLTaY, i. e. of the of év dare: party. 

19.— é« ravde, ‘from the following considerations,” H., 679. — %«derrov 
...€3wpo8dkouv, observe the force of the imperfect. Grote remarks that 
“personal and pecuniary corruption seems to have been a common vice 
among the leading men of Athens and Sparta.” Hist., V. p. 381. —émv 
Tois bperépots, supply mpdyuaor; éwi denotes the occasion. — cvKkoday- 
rotytes...adioragav. Speaking of Alcibiades, Lysias says, XIX., § 52: 
Ourddowa éxeivy n&lovy ai modes dcddvae 7) GAM Twi ToY oTpaTHyay, wor 
@ovro eivat tives a’tT@ w)éov 7) Exardv Td\avTa. —TovToUS pdvous, the ddicor 
of XII., § 5. — éruswpotvro, ‘“‘had continued the practice of punishing,” 
G., 49, 2. — éxelvots, i. e. the peculators, sycophants, ete. — [trav] dAtyov. 
Frohberger defends the bracketed article as needed to distinguish ‘‘ the 
minority” from the body of citizens. — kotvé, emphatic. 

20. — totvots, ‘‘ these measures,’’ i. e. punishing the many for the mis- 
deeds of the minority. — éxetvovs, in this connection, can only refer to the 
Thirty. 4...7doxew stands in the relation of object-accusative to 7yeto@ar, 
and éixasa is the predicate-accusative. — mepl airay refers to érépous, i. e. 
persons in the situation of the speaker. So F rohberger. See, however, 
the following. — éxere is imperative. — devyovtes, H., 698. — rept tpov 
aitéy. Rauchenstein brackets these words, regarding them as an inter- 
polation occasioned by referring the preceding vepi avtay to persons, éré- 
pous, whereas he refers it to the unjust practices complained of. — tots 
€x Spots, see this thought amplified in § 23. 

21. — Tav...yeyevnpévev, for the genitive after évOuynOjva, see XVI., 
§ 20, and note. —Gpaptfpata, ‘‘ mistakes.” — Gpevov modifies Povdev- 
cac@c, from which it is separated, and placed forward in the sentence, 
for emphasis. — otfon, G., 44. For the idea expressed, compare Virgil's 
ab hoste doceri fas est; also, Aristophanes’s da’ éx@p@v oda pavOdvovcw 
oi codot (Birds, 376). — axotore, G., 62.— tiv abthv, supply dd\dAproxs. 
—kaxov...dvy]; the same idea is expressed in Xenophon’s account of 
Theramenes’s reply to Critias (Hell., II. 3, 44): ed 6€ 7d Kpdriorov rijs 
mobdews mpoogirGs huiv etxe, xaderov ay iyyetoOar (rods Pevyorras) civac Kal 
TO €mBaivew Tot TIS YwWpas. 

22. — éruvOdveorbe, preferable to ruvOdvocbe. So also Francken, with 
Kayser, who remarks that the change of dre to éwetSy corresponds well with 
the change of mood. The optative dxovorre denotes an indefinitely repeated 
action ; the imperfect, a definite continued action. — tpioxtAtous, a privi- 
leged number of citizens, supposed to be favorable to the Thirty, and there- 
fore, together with the cavalry-men (see XVI., Introd.), permitted to hold 

9 


130 Notes. 


some civil rights. — eracidtovres, after the defeat at Munychia, in which 
Critias perished (see XII., Jntrod.). — éxxexnpvypévous, see éSexnpvx Ayre, 
XII., § 95, and note. —pi tiv atrqv; see Thucydides, VIII. 89, and 
Grete’s remarks (Hist., VIII. pp. 58 — 60) on the greater likelihood of dis- 
cord in an oligarchy than in a democracy. — bwép tpav SebtdTas, ‘anxious 
for your success.” — troAepotvtas ; all whom the Thirty could then rely on 
were the Lacedemonian garrison and the cavalry-men. — &ep, “‘ precisely 
what.” — cwbjcecOar...Kartévat, Frohberger remarks that the omission of 
either of the infinitives would destroy the dsocolon. See XII., § 7. 

23. — wapadelypact, predicate-dative, H., 607, a. For the argument, 
compare XII., § 92. — Bovdever@ar ; the word denoting the function of the 
dicasts was ducd few, XII., § 100, in order to which it was necessary, as in- 
timated, BovdeverOa, etc. —toerbar; what other tense could be used? 
G., 25, 2. —8npotikwtarovs, the superlative perhaps hints at improper 
applications of the epithet Syuorccés, which were common in Athens, as 
was the case also with the synonymous popuwlaris at Rome. Compare Cicero 
(in Cat., 1V. 5), “‘ne quis. ... tm pernicie populi Romani posthac popula- 
ris esse possit.”’ — olives, see § 18. — dpovoetv, emphasized here (by its posi- 
tion) as the watchword of a sound domestic policy. — 8pxots...cvvOqKaXts, 
see XII., Introd. — tavrnyv, see the same, and note, § 13. —airois, the 
same as ol mevyovres, § 24. — tobtav, #, one of these words is superfluous 
in translation. H., 884. Compare with this pleonastic use of the pronoun 
to announce the following clause, the Latin hoc or illud, in such sentences 
as, Hoc te rogo, ut epistolam scribas. — aicbdveor Oat, not a necessary word, 
but thrown in to balance the wéy clause. Compare cwOjoec@at...xaTiévat, 
and note, § 22. — aawep, G., 109, N. 9. 

24. — moditav, limits rheicrous. — StaBeBARoOa, G., 18, 8, N. — d¢- 
ta.vt’, here thrown into the middle of the sentence, because less emphatic 
than the two infinitives. What is the protasis ?— trovnplav...cwtyolayv, 
compare dzeeiv...émuumetv, XII., § 1; see also §§ 54, 78, notes ; also cw- 
Tnpiav...Tiuwpiav above, § 23. 

25. — @...cupBovretovory, i. e. party revenge. —@...t7rapatva, i. e. ouo- 
voeiv, § 23. — apdorépars...arodurelats, i. e. both oligarchy and democracy. 
—’Enmvyévnv, the three individuals here named, and just before alluded to 
as obra, are not otherwise known, but were probably the accusers in this 
case. — KapTacapévous...cupphopds, compare ovd5é mAovowwsrepos, § 16, and 
note. — éviwv...Bavatov, G., 173, 2, N. —axpltwv, probably the six gen- 
erals are referred to (see XII., § 36), who perished dxprro, so far as they 
had no constitutional trial. 

26. — Slams Sypetoat; the fact is more circumstantially stated in 
XXX., § 22: % BovrAn FH Bovd\evovoa bray wev xn tkava xphuara els dioixy- 
ow, obdev eEauaprdver, bray dé els drroplay karacrTH, avayKdgerat eloayyenias 


Notes. 1s 


béxecOar Kal Snuevew Ta Tov wodtray Kal Tay pyTdpwr Tots Ta Tovnpérara 
Aéyougs weiPerIar, — apyiptov AapBavovres, compare xpiuatra aBdy, and 
note, XII., § 8; apuBdvovres rather than AaSivres, to denote a repeated 
act. — eiotovres, i. e. with informations, eicayyehiac; see XVI., General 
Note, 7. — mwpdtepov...éws, see XII., § 71, and note. — wrovcror éyévovto, 
see § 19. 

27. — tpets...dveréOy7e ; Francken remarks that this also depends on the 
preceding éws, as the point to be described is not, mainly, the disposition 
of the Athenians, but, to what condition they had been brought by the 
practices of the sycophants. A comma, therefore, might stand after éyé- 
vovro. So Frohberger, who puts a comma also after dveré@nre, where 
Francken omits ®ore, and puts a period. The measures here described 
were taken after the disaster of Egospotami, and previous to the surrender 
of the city. The orator Patroclides, in the interest of the oligarchical 
party, proposed ‘‘that public debtors, and those who had been condemned 
in public suits, or whose case was still under judgment, those who had 
formerly been members of the Four Hundred, together with all who had 
wholly or partially forfeited their civil rights, should be reinstated in their 
full rights and honors. .... So comprehensive an amnesty had only 
occurred twice in Attic history: once under the archonship of Solon, as the 
introductory measure to his great work of reconciliation, and again at the 
time of the battle of Salamis, when it appeared necessary to unite all forces 
at hand for the preservation of the common country.” Curtius, His¢., III. 
p- 564. Frohberger cites Cicero (én Verr., I]. 5, 6): ‘‘ Perdite civitates 
desperatis jam omnibus rebus hos solent exitus exitiales habere, ut damnati 
tn integrum restituantur, exsules reducantur, res judicate rescindantur.”? — 
detyovras, the restoration of the exiles could not be accomplished until the 
termination of the siege. It was then made an article of the treaty stipu- 
lations. — @pvute; Andocides (Or. de Myst., § 76) says: @otev...rictw 
GdAjrots wepi ouovoias Sobvac év dxporé\e. The imperfect tense is notice- 
able here in the series of aorists. It conceives the fact not as a single 
momentary occurrence, like the vote which decreed it, but as an action 
which required time for its completion. The Areopagus (see XII., General 
Note, 2) appears to have acted in this emergency as a Committee of Safety, 
and probably these proceedings were by its direction. See XII., § 69. — 
HSov...érypwpycace, see § 19. — rods dpEavtas, against whom, and their 
adherents, the sycophants had operated. — 8\s katésry, compare dis...xaTe- 
doviwoaro, XII., § 78. Frohberger cites Plato (Rep., VIII. 564): 9 dyar 
€devGepia Eorxev eis Gyav dovdeiav weraBdddew. — ois is governed by meBoueé- 
vos, Which agrees with tyzv understood ; and the subject of éAvocrédyoe 
is the wei@ec@ae which is implied in recOouévors, and might have stood here 
in its stead. Rauchenstein, with Frohberger, prefers to connect woA\dxus 


132 otes. 


‘immediately with wew0opévors. But the speaker’s point is, that his hearers 
must no more follow evil counsellors. Accordingly, he says, in a kind of 
litotes (XII., § 20), ovx détov rovTos TOAAAKLS XpHTOa gUuBovras.. The 
reading here followed is Scheibe’s. 

28, — ot...gxovres, specially Thrasybulus, Archinus, and Anytus. The 
Jast named was a man of the people, uncultured and rough, who had become 
rich in the trade of a tanner, and who acquired afterward the ill-name of 
being one of the accusers of Socrates, and probably the influential mover 
of his prosecution. For Thrasybulus, see note on XII., § 52; as to Archi- 
nus, see Introduction to this oration. — moAddkts...dvexeAetoavto, G., 30, 
1, N. 1. See the speech of Thrasybulus, Xen. Hell., II. 4, 40-42. Good- 
win’s Gr. Reader, p. 85. Time enough had apparently elapsed since the 
restoration for quite a number of occasions to arise, on which the leaders 
of the people had to insist on the observance of the amnesty. — tavrny, for 
Tovro, referring to éuudvew: see the same, and note, §§ 18, 23. — &Seaay, oft- 
ener construed with the simple genitive, XII., § 85. —aotjcewv depends on 
an implied yyodvro, and has for its subject toro understood, referring to 
éumevew. 

29.— ois, i. e. to the leading patriots. — 8v érépous, for the case, see dc 
buds, XII., § 58, and 6:4 rovrwr, § 92. — érdOyoav, see § 22, where this 
word and xarcévac are used as synonymes. — havépous, the personal construc- 
tion instead of the impersonal. Compare the use of 570s, XII., § 50, and 
dAdo, § 90. — ev Sypoxparia, see § 7, and note. — omoiol ties, the speaker 
has sketched himself already in § 17. 

30. — rotrwv, construed with Oavudfew by prolepsis, H., 726, instead of 
standing as subject of érroinoav. —dv érolyoayv, for the argument, see XII., 
§ 34. — mAotoror, see § 26, and compare Cicero (in M. Antonium, II. 27), 
modo egens, repente dives. — ev@ivny, in the disturbances of the times, there 
was probably no lack of pretences on which the ewthyne could be avoided. 
— mwédepov, i.e. a war of prosecutions. — katnyyé\xact, ‘have proclaimed,” 
as though the power were in their hands. — rovrovus ; for the change from 
the relative to the demonstrative, see § 11, note on ddeiherar dé abrots. — 
dmurrov...yeyevqpeOa, “we have lost the contidence of the Greeks.” There 
were complaints, e. g. of the favor shown to Athenian citizens in lawsuits 
with other Greeks. The demagogues had also, since the death of Pericles, 
gradually doubled the annual tribute of the dependent cities, not for war- 
purposes, so much as for largesses, shows, and buildings in Athens. See 
Plutarch, Aristides, § 24. 

31. — éxeivor...cdrot ; see Lys. XXVIII. 13: S000 5¢ karehOdvres ev Sypuo~ 





kpatia Td pev tuérepovy AHROoS adixovar, Tods dé idious otkous Ex TAY KmeTEpwv 
peyddous moodct, roAv adAAov avrois mpogjer dpyifverOar } Tols, TpLdKovTA. — 
Snpoxpatias, supply otons, — olovrar xpfjvat, sarcastic, ‘“‘think it their 


Notes. 183 


duty.” — otra paStws, ‘ without further scruple.” — &Sikodvrev...yeyevy- 
pévor, G., 111. 

32.— Kal tovtrwv, Rauchenstein conjecturally emends kai to xafroe in 
view of the preceding negation (§ 30) of the G&&ov @avyafew which he here 
asserts. The simple xai, however, is often used, as here, to introduce an 
antithesis. Compare VII., §§ 15, 40, and motes, and see L. & S. Lez. 
The speaker here offsets his previous remark by saying, ‘‘ And yet, they 
are not so to be wondered at as you.” — ylyverar 8é, notwithstanding the 
principle of democracy is 76 ioov, XII., § 35: dé = ‘‘while,” XII., § 87. 
—Ta odérepa, see note on rijs ogerépas, § 18. — pr Si8dvres, i. e. to the 
sycophants. 

33. — [ktvStvous], Rauchenstein, bracketing this word, assents to the 
view of Cobet and Scheibe, that it is a mere gloss. — cwtnpta, Rauchen- 
stein and Frohberger read cwripea, and cite XII., § 69. —rovrous pév 
émudAtoer ar, the common text, for which Rauchenstein and Sauppe have 
trodicecOa, Frohberger émiAjoecOar, — future middle with passive mean- 
ing, for which it is difficult to cite an example from Attic prose, — and 
Francken (who exclaims, ‘‘ Locus unus omnium difficillimus”), éwiNica- 
$a. The analogy of XII., § 84, r7s rovrouv wovnpias (see Note) refers rov- 
tous to the present accusers, as the speaker would probably show by a 
gesture ; émudvcec@at signifies to become weak, i. e. to lose credit. — éxet- 
vous refers to the just-mentioned érépouvs. — totr aitd Seiocavtes, accord- 
ing to Kayser’s conjecture, for the common text, 76 atdré mavres. Froh- 
berger reads 6a todro rdvrws. — éprodav eiotv, for the form of the 
apodosis, see G., 50, 1, R. 1. 

34. — t@ BovAopéva, involves the protasis, ef tus BovNeTat, G., 49, 1. See 
XVI., § 7, and Note. —atrot te...ipets S€; H., 855, b. Frohberger re- 
marks, that this transition from a copulative to an adversative form, though 
quite common in the orators and historians, is used by Lysias elsewhere 
only in XIX., § 62. It throws the main emphasis on the second proposi- 
tion. — ph Soxotvres, G., 283, 4. H., 839. See uj in XII., § 85. 

The Peroration, see Analysis. — hpets S€; in his peroration, as in the 
introduction, § 1, and throughout the argument, the speaker expresses 
himself as a representative of his party. — pds tdvras, observe the em- 
phatic position. — cvyyvapnv exopev, a recurrence to the introductory 
remark, § 1, but with a qualification. Observe the same recurrence to the 
opening strain in XII., § 99. 

35. — Sixnv SSdvtas, definite instances where this took place in contra- 
vention of the amnesty— which éuws implies—are not known. The Thirty 
and their immediate agents were excepted from the amnesty, and the 
seizure and execution of their generals at Eleusis (see XII., Zntrod.) does 
not come within the scope of the speaker’s remark, which bears only upon 


134 Notes. 


civil processes. — ets trofplav Karacrycere, i. e. ‘‘suspicion” that the 
sworn amnesty will be of no benefit to us, and that we must seek our secur- 
ity in new measures. But this will be likely to produce fresh troubles. 

Though the speaker's concluding word, or words, are lost, evidently 
little remained to be said. Francken suggests, that the conclusion might 
have been as follows: judas els trol Wlav xaraorycere tuiv & aisxicra Bov- 
AevoerOe* éav S5é Tavavria, BonOynoere Kai Tots vouos Tots KELwévors, Kat Tots 
8pxors, ols duwudxare.]| But a terse brevity in the conclusion is character- 
istic of Lysias’s style (see Biographical Introduction). 


Notes. 135 


AREOPAGITIC ORATION CONCERNING THE 
SACRED OLIVE TRUNK. 


VII. 
INTRODUCTION. 


OLIVE culture has been from remote antiquity an important part 
of husbandry in Attica, whose soil and climate are peculiarly adapted 
to the production of a fine quality of that fruit, and where to this day 
extensive olive groves flourish on the banks of the Cephissus. The 
state very early exercised supervision over the olive-trees as a valuable 
source of national wealth. In the fifth century B.c. a law was passed 
which forbade the uprooting of olive-trees under a penalty of 200 
drachms ($36.20) for each tree destroyed, excepting for sacred pur- 
poses, or to the extent of two trees per annum for the convenience of 
the proprietor. (Grote, Hvst., III. p. 135.) 

Besides the common olive-trees (éAaiaz), which were the property 
of private individuals, there were also public olive-trees (opiar), sacred 
to Athene, supposed to have been propagated from the sacred and im- 
mortal olive-tree in the Erechtheum, which Athene, in her contest 
with Poseidon for the possession of Attica, had miraculously pro- 
duced. A plantation of these trees stood near the temple of Athene 
in the Academy. A considerable number of such popia were also 
scattered about on private grounds, constituting incumbrances thereon. 
They were all registered, the right to gather their produce was leased, 
and their oversight was committed to the Areopagus (§ 29). This 
body both nominated inspectors (yvepoves) to exercise supervision 
over the trees, and in its monthly sittings took cognizance of all com- 
plaints respecting them (§ 25). To cultivate the ground immediately 
about a popia was forbidden under a fine (§ 25), as impairing the tree’s 
productiveness. The removal of such a tree was punishable, as an 
outrage on a sacred object under the protection of Zets pdptos, by exile 
and confiscation (§ 3). The action was dripntos (XII. § 84, Note), and 
not subject to any statute of limitation, mpoOecpia (§ 17). 

During the Peloponnesian War, and the subsequent struggles be- 
tween the oligarchical and democratic parties of Athens, the country 


136 | Notes. 


had been devastated far and near (§ 6), and the olive-trees, both com- 
mon and sacred, had perished in large numbers. But the vitality of 
this tree (“silva vivacis olive,” Virg.) is such, that when cut down it 
sprouts again, if the stump be left in the ground. To protect this 
new growth an enclosure (onxés) had been thrown around, and a 
mutilated popia, when thus enclosed, was called a onxés, which term 
signified both the tree and the land enclosed, as well as the enclosing 
boundary. The same term is applied to the enclosures of temples and 
holy places generally, in which category the popia belonged. 

The present oration is the defence of a person, now of unknown 
name, who had been accused of removing one of these onxoi, tree and 
all. He appears to have been a thrifty and influential landholder 
(§ 21), who, while not putting himself forward in politics, had fulfilled 
his duties as a citizen in a generous way (§ 31), yet had not escaped 
the envy and the enmity which a strong and successful man often 
provokes (§ 40). The accuser, Nicomachus, a young man, seems to 
have brought an utterly unfounded complaint, partly at the instiga- 
tion of the enemies of the accused (§ 40), and partly in the hope of 
intimidating him to pay hush-money, in which expectation, however, 
he had been disappointed. He seems to be in a sorry plight with his 
ease, having been obliged to abandon the original indictment, and to 
betake himself, in his address to the court, to a modified charge, in 
substantiation of which he has neither witnesses nor other evidence. 
The defendant, on the other hand, is able to produce witnesses enough 
to show that on the piece of ground alleged neither popia, nor anxés, 
nor any tree at all, had stood while the place had been in his posses- 
sion. This is quickly done, and in a technical and legal point of 
view it is sufficient to secure the defendant’s acquittal. But it was a 
point of honor to win, if possible, a unanimous acquittal, and to come 
off with eclat. It not only conferred respect, but secured immunity 
from further attempts of sycophants, when the accuser failed to carry 
at least one fifth of the jury in his favor; as he thereby was subjected 
to a fine of 1,000 drachms ($181), and to partial dripia. (See General 
Note, XXV. 3.) In the present case, therefore, the defendant does not 
rest content with having secured his acquittal ; he means to leave his 
accuser not an inch to stand on. Accordingly, after having met the 
legal necessities of the case, he goes on, in the second and more dis- 
cursive part of the oration, to exhibit, from various points of view, 
the tissue of improbabilities and absurdities involved in the charge, 


Notes. 137 


the untrustworthiness of the accuser, and the utter weakness of his 
case. 

The oration, as its title implies, was delivered before the senate of 
Areopagus (see General Note, XII. 2). The king-archon (see General 
Note, XII. 1) brought the case to trial, and presided. The date of 
the oration can be approximately determined. The alleged misde- 
-meanor was committed (§ 11) when Suniades was archon, or B. c. 397. 
Blass dates the oration, at the earliest, B. c. 395. 


GENERAL NOTE ON POINTS OF THE ATHENIAN CON- 
STITUTION TOUCHED IN THIS ORATION. 


1. Graphe (ypapn) signifies in Attic law-language a public action as 
distinguished from dike (6ixn), or a private suit. (See General Note, 
XVI. 7.) In its common and limited application it is not inclusive 
of the Soxipacia, or trial of qualifications (see General Note, XVI. 5), 
or of the ev6ivy, or trial of accountability (see General Note, XXYV. 2). 
In a public action the prosecutor was ordinarily required to be an 
Athenian citizen with unimpaired civil rights. And with the excep- 
tion that in special cases advocates (cuviyopat, see General Note, XII. 4) 
were retained by the state, the public interest in the repression of of- 
fences against the commonwealth was left to volunteer accusers and 
to the juries. Says Curtius: “In the Attic free commonwealth it 
was in truth the mission of every citizen to exercise a control over 
public life, and to see, so far as in him lay, that no unwarrantable act 
was allowed to go without its punishment.” (Hist., V. pp. 249, 250.) 

The proper court in which to bring an action was often determined 
by the nature of the case, e. g. the Areopagus had jurisdiction in cases 
of homicide and impiety. Yet the six generals (see XII. § 36) were 
tried before the assembly for the death of the wrecked at Arginuse, 
and Socrates was tried before a dicastery on the charge of introducing 
new gods, etc. In an ordinary graphe the proceedings commenced 
with a summons to the accused to appear on a certain day before the 
magistrate. Next came the preliminary hearing (dvaxpiors), in which 
the parties respectively made oath to the justice of their cause, settled 
questions of form, jurisdiction, etc., with reference to the coming 
trial, and exhibited their evidence. After the anacrisis, the trial came 


138 ‘Notes. 


on at the end of a set time, but might be deferred by legal machina- 
tions. The evidence which had been given in was kept meanwhile 
under seal in the custody of an officer. If the plaintiff dropped his 
accusation, he was subject to a fine of 1,000 drachms and partial 
atimia. The indictment was termed ypagn, or (particularly in case 
there were several defendants) droypady, and the defendant was said 
ypaper Oa, or dnoypapeoOa. At the trial, the aim of the parties was 
to work upon the jury by the addresses of the orators, as they pre- 
sented the evidence which had been developed in the anacrisis. 

2. Slaves. In the commercial cities of Greece slaves were very 
numerous, performing the work of the artisans and mechanics of mod- 
ern towns. The number held in Attica was nearly three times the 
number of the free inhabitants. (See General Note, XII. 11.) Many 
persons kept gangs of slaves to let for all kinds of service. The 
condition of Greek slaves was more tolerable than that of Roman, 
and at Athens they seem to have been even more leniently treated 
than elsewhere. Especially during the Decelean War, B. c. 413-404, 
when slaves to the number of 20,000, chiefly mechanics, escaped to 
the Spartan fortress at Decelea, fourteen miles northeast of Athens, 
the Athenians, to limit the evil, were obliged to adopt the most con- 
siderate treatment of their domestic slaves. (Curtius, Hist, III. p. 
426.) At all times, however, a person who struck or abused a slave 
was liable to prosecution, and an abused slave could claim the right of 
being sold away from a hard master. Neither could a slave be put to 
death, except by process of law. But he was not permitted to give 
evidence in legal proceedings, except under torture. Any person 
might offer his own slave or demand that of his adversary to be exam- 
ined by torture. The slave, however, was not obliged to be given up, 
nor was it the general practice so to do, although the refusal of this 
challenge (mpéxkAnots) was sometimes regarded with suspicion. The 
damage suffered by the owner of the tortured slave was guaranteed 
by the party at whose instance the torture was applied, and this was 
often done in the presence of an arbitrator (Suaurnths, see General Note, 
XXV.1). The depositions of the slaves were then read at the trial, 
and those who were present at the torture added their testimony in 
corroboration. 

3. Ephegesis (épjynots). This was the converse of the apagoge 
(General Note, XXV. 4). When one did not wish to incur the risk 
of forfeiting 1,000 drachms by an apagoge that might be proved 


Notes. 139 


unwarrantable, he could have recourse to the ephegesis, conducting a 
magistrate or officers to the spot where the breach of law was going 
on, or where the culprit could be found. The cases in which these 
two kinds of process were common were murder, impiety, theit, 
ill-treatment of parents, ete. 


c NOTES. 
VIL 


ANALYSIS. 


Part I. —TrEcHNICAL REFUTATION OF THE CHARGE, §§ 1-11. 
Part II. — DEMONSTRATION OF ITS FRAUDULENCY, §§ 12-43. 


I,— A. Introduction, §§ 1-3. 

1. The injustice of the accusation, § 1. 
2. Its vacillation, § 2, and 
3. Its illegality, § 3. 

B. Proposition, §§ 4-8: Proof to be furnished. 
1. From what date, § 4. 
2. To what jact, § 4. 
3. Why no further, §$ 5-8. 

C. Demonstration: Statement of facts, with the testimony, §§ 9-11. 


II.—A. Introductory: The accuser admits that the defendant acts according to the cut 
bono principle, § 12. 
B. Proposition: Whatever the defendant did must have been in accordance with 
the cui bono, § 12. 
C. Demonsiration, §§ 13-41. 
1. From the general principle that such acts are not wantonly done. The 
bringer of such a charge is bound to show the cui bono of the act, § 13. 
2. From the particular results to be expected, §§ 14-18. 
a. Negatively, uo supposable advantage to the defendant lay in such an 
act, nor could he have been ignorant of its consequences, § 14, but 
b. Positively, publicity and punishment were inevitable, § 15. 
a. Through betrayal by slaves, § 16, or 
b. Through testimony of tenants, § 17, or 
ce. Through informations from passers-by, or neighbors, § 18. 
3. Conversely, from the obvious interest of the accuser, which he has neglected, 
§§ 19-23, which was 
a. Negatively, not bald accusation, § 19, but 
b. Positively, 
a. To summon passers-by to bear witness, § 20. 
Whose absence he absurdly charges to the defendant, 
§ 21. 
b. Or to call in the authorities, § 22. 
The neglect of which legal steps stamps a worthless case, 
§ 23. 


140 Notes. 


4. Contrariwise, §§ 24-30. 
a. What breach of law self-interest might have tempted to, § 24. 
Which the defendant did not commit, § 25. 
And therefore cannot, as charged, have run a great risk for 
nothing, § 26. 
b. When a breach of law might have been committed by him with 
impunity, but was not, § 27. 
c. Where such a breach of law would have been most foolhardy, just 
there he has been charged with it, § 28. 
d. By whom such a breach of law, if committed, must have been de- 
tected; yet only the accuser seems aware of it, § 29. 
All which facts no assertions of enemies should outweigh, 
§ 30. 
5. From the analogy, §§ 31, 32, 
Of his record as a munificent and public-spirited citizen, § 31. 
If he would not scrimp where it was safe and profitable, much less 
would he jeopard everything for nothing, § 32. 
6. From congruity, § 33. 
A serious case should be settled by strong evidence, rather than 
by unsupported accusation, § 33. 
7. From the virtual admission of the accuser, §§ 34-87. 
The defendant offered the accuser his slaves to be examined under 
torture as to the facts, § 34. 
Which offer he declined on frivolous grounds, § 35. 
Exposing thus the fraudulency of his charge, $§ 36, 37. 
8. Recapitulation of the improbabilities in the accuser’s case, § 38. 
Showing him to be a malicious and venal rascal, § 39, 
In sorry contrast with his own open and fearless attitude toward 
all, and set on by the defendant’s enemies, § 40. 
9. The outrage contemplated, § 41. 
D. Conclusion, §§ 42, 43. 
1. Restatement of the decisive point of the defence (as established in Part I.), 
§ 42. 
2. Restatement of three decisive omissions of the accuser (as demonstrated 
in Part II.), which he must account for, before the court can give him 
their verdict, §§ 42, 43. 


APEOMATITIKOS, supply AOTOS. 


1.— Bovd7; the full title of the senate of Areopagus was 7% év ‘Apelw 
mdyw Bovrh (XII., § 69). Sometimes it was also termed 7 dvw Sov}, to 
distinguish it from the senate of Five Hundred, which held its sessions in 
the Agora below the hill. See General Note, XII. 2, and XVI. 3. — Bov- 
Aopévw...dyovre ; observe the conditional force in each. — 8Stkas, see Gen- 
eral Note, XVI. 7. — cvxoddvrats, see General Note, XII. 10.— eer’... 
oidy re, H., 856, a. — Setv...€rer8ar ; Francken thinks that this rather ex- 
travagant expression comes from some old proverb. So we say, ‘‘as inno- 
cent as the babe unborn.” —éoeo Oar; for the present infinitive with ué\Aw, 
see § 22, and G., 25, 2. —ovodrous ; as the present accuser, for instance. 


Notes. 141 


— oi kivSuvot, “the [now so frequent] lawsuits,” H., 527, a. With xivév- 
vos in this sense compare the forensic application of the Latin periculwm. 
—a8ixotor. has the force of a perfect here, corresponding to quaprynxicw, 
H., 698, fine print. G., 10, N. 4. 

2. — ayév, the general word for a legal action of any kind. — aoe dare- 
yeadnyv, the expression is condensed from something like the following: 
‘‘that [I have not even a definite indictment to plead to, for] I was in- 
dicted,” etc. — aaviteyv, G., 15, 3. — popray, in full, popidy édaray, § 29, 
also § 7. —vvuvi, emphatic. The accuser in his address to the court had 
abandoned the original indictment by charging a different trespass, viz. 
the removal of a onxés ; therefore gaciv, referring to a verbal charge, is 
more appropriate than droypagovrat. — &mehéyEat, Rauchenstein’s conjec- 
ture for the common dzrodeifa:, an unstrained interpretation of which yields 
a meaning here incongruous. So Cobet. 

3. — Gp’ tpiv...dkotoavra ; these words belong together. For the ac- 
cused not to know what he was charged with until he came into court, was 
not according to due form of law. See note to xar7yyopos kai dtxaor7s, XII., 
§ 81. —watp(Sos...otcias ; banishment and confiscation were the penalty. 
— pos. Having a strong case, the defendant disdains to press the tech- 
nical point just raised. 

4, —*Hy pty ydp, “for this was in fact.” — IIlacévipov, see XXV., § 9, 
and note. —’AmrohkddSwpos. He had taken part in the assassination of 
Phrynichus (for whom see XXV., § 9, and note) just before the downfall 

of the Four Hundred (see XII., §§ 42 and 66), and had been put to the 
torture to discover his accomplices. After the restoration of the democracy 
he was presented with distinguished rewards. See Curtius, Hist., IL, 
pp. 481, 490. —é& Meyapets, see note on Méyapdde, XII., § 17. —’Avti- 
Kjjs, not otherwise known. Thucydides (1. 117) mentions an Athenian 
general of that name about B. c. 440. —eipjvys, after the surrender to 
Lysander, April, B. c. 404. For in the same year he let the place (§ 9) to 
Callistratus. — dvotpat, G., 10, 2. Scheibe reads éwvovmyy, which lacks 
the aoristic sense here requisite to correspond with \aBuy and éfepic@woer, 
and Cobet, éévyuat, which incurs the same objection. The aorist middle 
of dvéouas is supplied by émpiauny. 

5. — tolvuv, H., 867, 4, ‘‘ therefore,” ‘‘ then,” ‘‘now,”’ a particle of very 
frequent recurrence in this oration ; often used to mark the advance of an 
argument, ‘‘ now further,” ‘‘but now” ; quite seldom the first word of a 
clause. —xpévov, G., 173. H.,577. Construe with ¢nuofs@ar. — Stkatus ; 
for the involved protasis, see note on puceicPat, XII., § 54. — Bu Huds, see 
note on 6 was, XII., § 58. 

6. — rd. pev wdppw, i. e. not in the immediate neighborhood of the city. 
After the occupation by the Lacedemonians (B. c. 413) of the fortress of 


142 Notes. 


Decelea, fourteen miles from Athens, one third of Attica was in the hands 
of the enemy. Observe the change of the construction from the rod ra mev 
méppw...réuvecOar, required by the preceding aircos. — Stypratero. Com- 
pare XIV., § 33, duas pevyovras Pudqy KaTahaBeiy Kat dévdpa Temety, 
The ¢gidor were all who fought against the Thirty. — &dAdas te kal, H., 857. 
A participle or a causal conjunction usually follows. See § 36. — &rpax- 
rov, “useless,” suits the thought better than dparov, “not sold,” which 
Cobet reads. For the verbal adjective, see H., 398.— mdetv 4 tela ér_ = 
‘three years and over,” but less than four; mAeiw 7 = more than three 
years, Pony oe 





G., 49, 2, N. 2.— Ta thpérep’ adrav, G., Lots Ne 
HL, 676, fine pr ARIA Sh fe G., 102, “1, Ns Hb; S08j;aii 5 a: ier 
partora, G., 188, 2, fine print. H., ‘610, jine print. The common text 
is éc0. But that is not the speaker’s idea, namely, that as many of the 
court as gave particular attention to such things would understand him, 
but rather, that the court itself, by as much as such things were its special 
province, would understand. 

8.— Kal...rav attrav, ‘Sand even when,” etc. — érépwv, ‘‘if others,” 
etc. — 4% tov, see XII., § 35, and note, also XXV., § 17. — dq’ tpav, con- 
strued with aéfnuious. If construed with zpiauévous, the preposition would 
have been rapa. 

9. — medda exov eivety, ‘though I could say much,” G., 109, 7. — 
mplv...yeviodat, G., 274. H., 769. —éml I]v0o8dpo0v, H., 641, b. Pytho- 
dorus was First Archon under the Thirty, p. c. 404. After the restora- 
tion his name was struck off from the list of archons, and his year, instead 
of being called, according to custom, by his name, was called ‘the year 
of anarchy,” 7 dvapyta. He may be the same as the Pythodorus, son of 
Isolochus, who is mentioned occasionally as a general in the Peloponnesian 
War (Thue. III. 115). 

10. — otroot = ‘‘here present.” The persons named in this section are 
not known ; unless, possibly, Proteas be the Proteas, son of Epicles, who 
was a naval commander in the Peloponnesian War (Thue. I. 45). —zpia 
éry ; the common text connects these words with the foregoing thus: és 
TéOvnxe TadTa Tpia érn. So Cobet and Scheibe. But the death of Alcias 
is mentioned only to account for his not being among the witnesses, and it 
was not the time since his death that was of consequence, but the time 
during which Proteas had leased the ground, as that covered the remainder 
of the period of the defendant’s ownership up to the present. — opotes, 
‘‘in the same condition,” i. e. without trees, as before stated. — epic @a- 
oato, H., 689, b. 

11. — 6 xpdvos odTos,i. e. the seven years thus accounted for. — yewpyd, 
G., 10, 2. — Zovvddov, archon B. c. 397, seven years after the lease in 





” 


lotes. 143 


the time of Pythodorus. — épyafépevor, G., 16, 2.— peprrSwpévor, here 
pluperfect in signification, G., 18, 4. — otdv te...apavigay : self-evident, 
and superfluous for argument, yet not unsuited to a gush of honest indig- 
nation. So vouttw...cnuscotc@a, § 5. 

12. — Here begins the second part of the oration. See Analysis. — pé- 
oko... nyavaxtouv dv, G., 62, Rem. and 30, 2. H., 704. —Savev, 
‘‘sharp.” — d&xptBA, ‘‘ close.” — &v...Bovrdolpyy, Lat. velim, G., 52, 2. 
H., 752. Admirable is the dexterity with which the speaker turns the 
slur cast upon his character into a strong argument in his favor. See 
Analysis. — hyio8e, G., 44, 2. —épyous émexeipovy, G., 187. H., 605. 
The accusative is more rarely used with this verb. — éylyvero, supply a». 
[r@]; in Francken’s view, this results from a careless repetition of the last 
syllable of éyiyvero. The article is out of place here, since the participle 
seems not to have a general reference, but to designate the speaker. — 
—weprtojoay7t, Kayser’s emendation for the common text wojoavrt, 
which gives no antithesis to dpavicartt. 

13. — d8uxqoacw, compare déicodo., § 1. The aorist is used, because 
the past commission of the illegal act is the point referred to, rather than 
the status of an décxos resulting therefrom. 

14, — rod onkod évtos, G., 278. H., 790, c. Translate: ‘‘ by the olive- 
trunk being there.” — oixtas, G.,182,2. H., 589. — nvdiverv, G., 180, 1. 
H., 584, c. For the article, see H., 527, ec. The next words in Cobet’s 
text are as follows: ef re roUTwy émpatrov. Ilo\ds yap dy, etc. —érparrev 
.. atophvai, G., 54, 1. 

15. — ped’ Huéoav, H., 645, PHRASES. — ééxotrrov, G., 11, N. 6, an as- 
sumed fact. — artep...8éov, G., 109, N. 9, 110, 2. od belongs to Aabety ; 
translate: ‘“‘as if it were needful, not to be unobserved by all, but that,” 
etc. — kat here = xairoc.—Traptdvtev, governed by 7uéA\noe. — exivdtvevor, 
assumed, like éféxorrov above. Both of these verbs are logically in apod- 
osis to an implied e@ re tovodrov érpartoyv. 

16.— mes 8’. As a new argument and a strong one is here presented, 
we should have expected a more significant connective than the simple 
dé,— perhaps kcal pév 6%, or GANG pipv...ye, or at least mpds 6é rovrots. 
But the artless style befits the simplicity of the speaker. — tots ésavTod 
Oepdmrovras; for the position of the genitive, see H., 538, fine print. 
Gepamwy is the general word for one who renders any service ; do0Xos is a 
person in a permanent condition of servitude ; brnpérns (XII., § 10) is a 
subordinate official, or in general an assistant. — ovvedorTas, G., 109, 4. — 
ei kal, H., 874, 2, a. — én’ éxelvows, the demonstrative is sometimes thus 
used in oratio obliqua instead of the reflexive pronoun. — pynvicacy, G., 
109, 2. — &hev9épors yevéorOar, see cEapvois yevéo@ar, and note, XII., § 31. 

17. — xvSivw construed with ovens. For the asyndeton (H., 854), com- 


144 Notes. 


pare XVI., § 16, éuBarévros Yngicapévwv, — rots eipyarpévors...1pociKov, 
‘‘it being alike incumbent on all those who had worked the place.” — 
elxov, G., 44, 3. 

18. — oids 7’, G., 151, N. 4. H., 814. — @dAHA@v depends on raéra. 
— atrokpuTropevot, G., 200, N. 2. H., 702, fine print. — al, ‘‘ even.” — 
muvOavovTar, ‘find out.” —amepl tav énav, probably in regard to such 
matters as boundary lines, right of way, the trespassing of cattle, etc. The 
implication is, that if the defendant had really done anything which an 
enemy could take hold of, there were not wanting neighbors who would 
have availed themselves of the opportunity against him. 

19, — ovtws qualifies the whole phrase, ro\unpas...rovetc Oar. — eérepvov, 
imperfect, because the cutting was done, as charged, while the defendant 
stood by. — avaSéyevos, i.e. upon the cart, duata. — oxeTo atrayev, G., 
279, N. See XII., § 75. Compare the colloquial English, ‘‘ went and 
carried’? = simply ‘‘ carried.” 

20. — Nixdpaxe; the Nicomachus against whom Lysias wrote Or. XXX. 
had held office before the time of the Thirty Tyrants, but this Nicomachus, 
is evidently (see § 29) a different person. — paprupas, predicate-accusative, 
G., 166, N. 2. H., 556, a. — év...tpd7r@, the preposition is not necessary, 
G., 188. H., 608. — éBovdov...€daBes ; what difference here in the signifi- 
cation of the imperfect and aorist ? 

21. — meioat, instead we might have had zeicas, agreeing with the subject 
of iyovuny, or Teicavr., agreeing with mol. — md...8vvadpews, H., 656, c. 

22. — oivas p iSdv; the common text is Pjcas w ldetv, to which Rau- 
chenstein objects that @jcas is hardly a demonstrable Attic form: gijvas is 
the proper term for informing against a person before a magistrate. — tods 
évvéa &pxovras, that is, any one of them, but specially the king-archon is 
meant, who had jurisdiction in such cases. See General Note, XUI., 1. — 
émtyyayes, see General Note, 3. — otrw, the common text, for which Rau- 
chenstein reads ofro. But otrw is preferable on account of the implied 
protasis, G., 52, 1, as the argument has been proceeding on the ground 
that it would have been better for Nicomachus to do so and so. — cuvySe- 
cav...d€éyovtt, ‘‘ would have known that you spoke the truth.” 

23. — Sewortata...d0m; ‘‘now I am very strangely treated, inasmuch 
as.” — moreverv, subject duds understood. — odk eiolv: whenever eiui 
‘‘ sionifies actual existence, it retains the tone. The 3 sing., especially, 
then takes the tone on the first syllable.” Buttmann’s Gir., § 108, TV. 3. 
—airto sol: observe the juxtaposition of these pronouns in sharp an- 
tithesis. — ravrny tiv tnptav, the common text, which Scheibe retains, 
while Rauchenstein and Cobet omit r7v. If r7 be omitted, rav’rny is sub- 
ject and ¢nulay predicate to yevécOat, ra’ryy being attracted from rodro, as 
in XXV., § 13 (see notc). If rhv be retained, — and there appears no con- 


Notes. 145 


elusive reason for the omission, —then r. Tr. ¢ is simply the subject of 
yevécOat, — Tovrov, masculine, not neuter; as the uév shows the pronoun 
to be in antithesis with the following tuas 6’. — SHmov, see XII., § 27, and 
note. — svKopavtav, participle. — dmropqoe ; for its position between the 
two genitives, compare note on défawr’, XXV., 24. Cobet reads evaropjcet. 

24, — mweSiw; this was the broad ‘‘ Athenian Plain,” watered by the 
Cephissus, and stretching westward of the city to that Mount Agaleos, 
from which Xerxes witnessed the battle of Salamis, and on the farther side 
of which lay the plain of Eleusis. This central plain of Attica, in the 
midst of which the city stands, extends N. to Mt. Parnes, with its cele- 
brated fortresses of Phyle and Decelea, N. E. to Mt. Pentelicus, famed for its 
marble, and 8. E. to Mt. Hymettus, noted for its honey. ‘‘The plain of 
Athens is barren and destitute of vegetation, with the exception of the long 
stream of olives which stretch from Mt. Parnes by the side of the Cephissus 
to the sea.” Smith’s Dict. Geog. — mvpxaids ; probably trees which, after 
being burnt, had sprung up as wild olives. See Virg. Geor., II. 303-314: 


“Tnfelix superat foliis oleaster amaris.” 


—émepyacacGa:, ‘‘to encroach upon,” i.e. by tillage. See Introd. — 
AtTov qualifies d9\or. 

25. — tept toddod trovotpat, “I prize.” G., 10, N..1; comp. rocoduac... 
Tyovpat, § 26. — tiv GAAny: for the appositive use of dddos, see H., 538, e. 
Compare Xen. Anab., 1. 5, 5: od yap fw xopros oddé GAO Sévdpov odder. 
The thought is: I cared for those trees as for my country and fortune, con- 
sidering that, if I trespassed, my risk involved both of these. — pyvés, 
referring to their monthly meetings. 

26. — ovTw...trovodpat, “care so much for.” — trovodpar...yotpat, see 
note on iyoivro...émo.otvro, XII., § 7. — efv...cidv tr fv, G., 49, 2, N. 3. 
— adavitwv ; Rauchenstein reads ddavifw, ws vuvl xplvouas. But the com- 
mon text corresponds better with the parallelism of the whole sentence, and 
specially with otrw Geparedwy paivouar. The interrogation begins at xat 
Tas pév, —pév signifying ‘‘ while,” or ‘‘seeing that.” Compare note on 
paxouevous uév, XII., § 79. 

27. — Ilorepov 8€¢, a new argument. For the introductory 6é, compare 
note on és 5’, § 16. — wapavopetv ; for the position, see note on daropicet, 
§ 23. — od Aéyw as, ‘‘I do not mean that.” The remark just made had 
to be guarded against an unfavorable inference. The course of thought 
requires duvduevos to be taken absolutely, in the sense of ‘‘ influential,” as 
in XXV., § 14, of rére Suvduevor. — paddov é€fv, all the more since the 
authority of the Areopagus remained in abeyance during the tyrants’ time. 
Compare XXV., § 16. 

_. 28, —Las 8’, a new argument, still introduced by the insignificant 6é. 
10 


146 Notes. 


— & rovrov, observe the emphatic position. — ds...etvat, ‘‘as this man 
says there was,” G., 15, 8. — tls @v ameroApnoe ; “who would have had 
the foolhardiness ?” 

29. — Aewov, ‘‘strange.”’ — émupsedetobar ; for the omission of the article 
76, see G., 91. —émpeAntris; the relation of the éwiedyrai to the yrwmoves 
is uncertain, but it is not unlikely that the former were a committee of 
the Areopagus upon all matters pertaining to the olive-trees, and that the 
‘yv@poves, or inspectors, made their reports to them. — etSévar, G., 92, 1, 
N. 2. éore might have been prefixed, G., 266. H., 770. —amoypdpar ; 
Rauchenstein prefers to read droypdWacOa, on the ground that the middle 
is the proper technical term for an indictment, while the active rather 
means to inform against. This does not seem sufficient ground for changing 
the common text, the technical distinction being of no importance in the 
argument, which is, simply, that the accuser claimed to have made a dis- 
covery which he was the last man in the world to have made. 

30. — Aoyous, ‘‘accusations.” See XII., § 2, and XXV., § 2.— tatr’, 
here emphasized, depends on AeyévTwv. — &vacrxéoSar may govern either a 
genitive or an accusative. — év@vpovpévous éx, the participle is used ab- 
solutely (H., 495), ‘‘reflecting (on the subject),’’ while the preposition 
denotes the point of view. See the construction in XVI., § 20. — ohk- 
telas, ‘‘my conduct as a citizen.” 

31. — wpolupdtepov...cés ; ws must be translated here like #7. Cobet and 
others insert # before ws. Buttmann, Gr., § 149, 7, remarks: ‘‘ Less 
accurately, and with a certain anacoluthon, instead of 4, after comparatives 
we find ws (éc0v, ofov).” — Fvayxafounv, see XX., § 13, and note on rpoc- 
TATTOMEVWW. — TPLNPAPX@V...TokLT@V, see XXV., § 12, and notes. Compare 
also XII., § 20. — otSevis rrrov ; the negative belongs to the adjective. 

32. — Tovey, equivalent to ef éroiouy, referring to the actions as habitual; 
while the aorist would refer to them as past occurrences. — py qualifies an . 
implied sory. — ths &AANs, see Thy GAAyvy, and note, § 25. — mpdas, ob- 
serve the force of the aorist in contrast with wo:dy, above. — éxépSatvoy, dv 
omitted. Compare évoxos jv, § 37. —Kablornv; the other co-ordinate 
tenses being imperfect with reference to time present (7ywrfdunv = ‘* should 
be on trial” ; éxépdawov = ‘‘should be gaining”’), this tense, which might 
naturally have been an aorist like rpdéas, follows suit by a kind of as- 
similation, and = ‘‘should be endangering myself,” i. e. as the facts came 
out in the present trial. Compare cvveNduBaves, and note, XII., § 26. 

33. — peyddov, i. e. such important interests as home and fortune, § 25. 
— wep ov...papTupet, H., 810; this clause stands as the direct object of 
nyeicOat, Which has misrérepa for predicate-accusative. — paddov, pleonas- 
tic, H., 665, b. —% wept av, the regular form would be 4 4...xaryope?, 
but Lysias, as often, prefers to parallel the preceding construction: Com- 


Notes. 147 


pare note on alcOdvecOar, XXV., § 23. — Katyyopet, in homeoteleuton with 
papruper. See XXV., § 24, rovnpiav, and note. 

34. — oxépacGe, H., 495. — txav, G., 109, N. 8, last clause. — wévres, 
emphasized by its position, since the value of the proposal lay in this 
word. — Bacavifay, see General Note, 2. —ovras, G., 52, 1. — ddyev... 
épyov, a contrast repeatedly made prominent in this oration, see §$ 21, 30, 
33, 43. This was one of Lysias’s characteristic points as a reasoner. See 
also XII., §§ 5, 33, XVI.,§ 19, XXV., § 13. 

35. — otSév, H., 848, a. — Seawov...ciAovro; a difficult construction. 
Rauchenstein conjectures, unnecessarily, that efAovro has been substituted 
for €\owro. Logically, this belongs to the protasis introduced by ef yé. 
But &v marks e¢Aovro, in form at least (comp. G., 49, N. 4, b), as an apodosis 
to some implied protasis after wept 6é; but [should they so accuse them- 
selves] they would have chosen to shield their hated masters, etc. H., 886. 
Compare G., 49, 2, N. 5. —wepixacr, G., 200, N. 6. H., 712. 

36. — kal pév 54, XIT., § 30, note. — ovveSévar ; some such participle 
as dduc@v (or ddcxobvts, G., 113, N. 6) may be supplied. — wapasiddvros ; 
this expresses the offer, rather than the actual delivery, G., 10, N. 2. See 
amoxpuTTépyevor and note, § 18. — cxetv, ‘‘to form”; H., 708: ‘‘to hold an 
opinion” is yrwunv éxew, §§ 12, 23. See also XXV., $$ 1, 3. — Ads Te 
Kal; see § 6, and note. 

37.— tepl é4.08...rotrw ; notice the emphatic position of each of the con- 
trasted pronouns. — évoxos tiv, G., 49, 2, N. 2. Compare éxépéawor, § 32. 
But if slaves were subjected to torture on demand of the opposite party, he 
had to indemnify the owner. — ToAd...tpoofxev, ‘it was much more his 
duty to accept, than my interest to offer.” — eis totro mpo8uplas, i. e. the 
challenge to examine the slaves. — per’ éuod, “ for my advantage.” — pap- 
tipey ; Rauchenstein changes the common text here to waprupiav. 

38. — évCupeio bar & xpH. How does this tense present the conception 
of time as contrasted with that in év@uunOjvac 6€ xp7, XXV., § 21? — ois, 
referring to himself as representing @ class, who, with strong evidence in 
their favor, are audaciously accused by sycophants. — terdApyke ; supply 
paprupeiv. — Kal wétepov; before these words supply év@upetcPa xp7y. — 
aitudcacGat, the common text, preferable to Kayser’s emendation airca- 
o0a:, which Rauchenstein adopts. See G., 23, 2. But the connected 
fonGetv is present, because denoting the continuous action of the accuser in 
endeavoring to make good his aria. 

39. — dyava, G., 159. H., 547, a. — as belongs to éAmifwy. — &ew, see 
dow pdduora, § 7, and note. —dmopdraro. tav KivSuver, literally, ‘* com- 
pletely without means to extricate themselves from dangers,” is equivalent 
to our colloquial phrase, ‘‘ hard up.” — totte = Tocotry. 

40, — wapéryxov guaurdy, H., 688, a. Soin § 41. —&indAddyny, so strong 





148. Notes. 


was his case that he felt no need of gaining favor: — ol...émratvoto., a- 
strong remark, showing the honest farmer himself to be ‘‘a good hater.” 
— Kal havepas ; xai here, asin § 15, = xairou. 

41, — yevotpny, el...xatarryacopat, G., 54, 1, b. — vavpaxtas...pdxas, 
a customary argument, especially of those who lacked stronger ones. See 
XXY., § 12. — kécpuov, the common term for, as we say, ‘‘a respectable 
citizen.” See XVI., § 18; XII., § 20. — év Snpoxparla, see XXV., § 7, 
and note. 

42, —’ Adda yap, H., 870, d, see XII., § 99, supply ravoouar Aéywv. — 
év0a5e, speakers before the Areopagus were expected to keep to the facts, 
with less latitude of appeal than in other courts. —amédaga 8°; dé here 
= ‘‘for,” as in XII., § 68, imécxero 6. — em’ adtodpdpy, i. e. by the 
ephegesis, § 22. 

43. — motos yevérbar, H., 398, ‘to be believed.’ — %pyots ; because 
Witnesses would have given his words the weight of facts. — adtxoivra, 
supply we. — 88dvros, see note on mwapadiddvros, § 36. — dynol tapaye- 
verQar, see § 19. 


ADDITIONAL NOTE. 


It is open to question whether the unusual yrouqy cxeiv of § 36 may not 
have arisen from a misreading of an original éyew, through the similarity 
between ¢ and ¢, an ancient form of & I am indebted for this suggestion 
to my learned friend Dr. Ezra Abbot, of Cambridge. 


A TABLE 


Showing the variations of RaucHENSTEIN’s text from that of 
C. ScHEIBE (editio altera aucta et emendata), as published by 
TEUBNER, 1874. 


Scheibe’s reading stands first in each passage. 


XVI. 2. HKaxds—[]. 3. emdelEo — drodeiéw....od7’ éredhpovv —[ ]. 
4. xaSatpoupevwy — add éredjuouv. 5. oxdvtTes — exorres....kal Tots py- 
Sév — om. Tots. 6. émvyeypappévor — eyyeypaupévar. 7. tapadkaBovra 
—kataBaddvra. 9. Tabtys—airis. 11. 4 wepl ras — 7 érépas. 13. mpds 
Tovs Bowwrovs —[ | rovs....etvar Setv —[ ] detv. 15. évOavdvrav — droda- 
vivTwy....baTepov — Uorepos....UTepriews — Lrepids. 18. ToApa — koug. 
19. weprepxdpevor — dumexduevor. 20. Tav tis—rTaris. 21. tobrovs — 
Tovs ToLovToUS. 

XII. 3. rowjowpat — rovjoopar. 5. wovnpol pév —[ ] uév....pdckov- 
mes 5 — om. dé. 6. Thy 8 apxqv — Tv dpxiv O€. 11. dpodrdynoa — 
wuodsy7ro....apyuptov tércapas — dpyupas rértapas. 12. 8m%y — Grou... 
eis TOU GSeAhod — cis TadeAPod. 15. Hyovpny pév, eb — iryovmny, ef péev. 
18. odSepras — prefix [ét]....nAlovov — krewiov. 20. odk dv — odd’ dy. 
...Wacas — mdacas pév....Aveanévous: TovovTway — Aucapévovs ToLovTwr. 
21. ris wédews —[]. 25. éylvovro — eyiyvorro..."Iva pi arobdveper ; 
— "Iva droddvwpuev } ut) drrobdvepev; 26. &troxrelvats ; — doxreivecas.... 
.. Sotvar — prefix [deity]. 27. eel ror. tro — érecra 7@....[évavtlav] yvopny 
— om. [évavriav]. 28. tpais eikds — transpose. 30. cdtew re atrov Kal 
— oofew airov xard....wavTes — racw....31. otdv t — olévr. 34. értxere 
— érvyxdvere. ... atrabndloacle — drevnditerbe. 35. Tepwpovpévous — 
Kndopévous. 38. éort — éoriv....pikag —girias. 39. tv twa — iproa. 
40. ola tijs—ola ra ris. 41. tmp airav— rep airod. 42. érparte 
—émparrev. 44. ndloratobe — Wrgueicbe. 45. yap Kal — yap [kai]. 
48. expiv dv —[ ] dv....ylverOar — yiyverbar. 50. Te Adyw — Tois dé- 
yo. 51. omdrepor — add [pévor].... ip~over — dptovow. 52. eb yap 
— kal yap ei....KadAdov dv — [ ] dv....éylvovro — éyiyvovro. 55. 6 Tav 
TplaKxovTa yevopevos —[]. 56. ols nal — & xal....0arcov — Oarrov. 
57. adlkws evyov, tpets Stxalws — duxalws epevyov, duets ddixws....a8lkws, 
ot tpidxovta Sixalws — dixalws, of rpidxovra ddikws. 62, maparry — 
mpoccTy. 66. yewopévous — yryvoudvous. 67. Gmraddeoe — didecer. 
68. attra —atrg@ 71. Aeydpevos — wuoroynudvos. . 72. Gtrecdot — dia- 


150 Table of Various Readings. 


methoiro. 75. 8 @yovro — 6’ Gxovro, 76. magnyyé\Xero — rapiyyedro. 
- 77. 8 abtov — & adbrév....mloras adtés — micrets adrois. 78. %48n — dis. 
79. Tovrovi — rovrov....paxopévous [pév] — om. [ ]. 81. Kariydpynrar 
8 — Kardyrwre o€. 82. duplrovs amékravav — transpose. 83. Snpev- 
cate — Snuetoere....oiklas — prefix tds. 84. map’ attav — add [délar]. 
85. tov [te] wempaypivev — om. [ ]. 86. EvvepovvTav — ouvepovvTwr. 
87. Td dpérepov ARVs — Tod duerépou wAHOovs. 88. atak€rac.w — drw- 
A€oact. 89. padvov—paov. 90. SelEare — deiteTe. 98. ylverar — ylyverar. 
99. [ovsév] —- om. [ ]. 100. katapynretr bat — carewngiouévous ecec Oar. 
XXV. 1. of cadas — kal cadpas....{ytoto. — fyrodow....nepSalvav % 
—[]. 2. dpot — [wav ouod]. 4. drrohava — drodivw. 5. TeKphprov 
— prefix [éuoi]. 7. Snpoxparias — prejix obs....ndyo mepl euavtod rijv 
G&rodoylay roujropa, atopalywy—[ ]. 9. mpooravras — mpoordras.... 
peteBdXovTo — wereBdddovTo. 10. LyTotvras — fyodrtas....ovTws — olrw. 
11. tis todtwv — ras wepi rovTw. 12. Hs Tivos — Faorwos. 13. ylvotro 
— yévorro....@AAG [Kal] €k — dda Ex. 14. ovT@sS — ofrw. 19. Tay ddi- 
you — [ ] rav....nowwd ylyver Par — transpose. 20. awepl tpav atray —[ ]. 
22. S& wuvOdvororbe — 5’ éruvPdvecde. ...8& ENXovs — transpose....tmip hpay 
— brép tudv. 27. Srerébyte: tovs — dueréOnre wore Tovs....ylverar — 
ylyvera....ToAKGKIS XPRTVaL — om. wodAdxts....1recBopevors — prefix mod- 
Adis. 29. év Odtyapxla Kal év SypoKparia, — év Snuoxparia Kal év ddu- 
yapxia. 30. tiroplay 
— kairo rovrwv, 33. Tov éx Tleparas xivSuvous — éx Teipards [xivddvous]. 


brovias. 31. ovTas —otrw. 32. Kal rovrav 





...coTnpia — cwripia....€mrvorer Oat — trodicecOa....Td atts mavTes — 
To0T avrd deicavtes. 35. eis tro... — els drolWiav xaraorieere... 

VII. 2. otduevor — yyotuevo. 4. tay Svtev 8’ éxclvou — dé T&v éxei- 
vov. ... CavOURHY — wvodua. 5. puplar — popia. 6. mAetoy — weir. 
7. deo. — bow. 10, eipydcaro éviautéy — om. éevaurév....rOvyke TaiTa 
tpla tty: opolws— réOvyxe- Kara Tpla ery duolws. 12. éylvero — éylyvero. 
To apavicayTt ——[ ] 7B...1o woujoavtt— [7G] wepirorjoavre. 13. éylvero 
— éyiyvero. 14. tap’ bptv— rap’ iuav....Kw8ivev, et tL ToUTwV emparrov. 
ToAAds — xwdivwv, ey dé, et re Towodrov érparroy, Todds. 16. oidy TE 
Fv Slenv pe — olds re Fv Slkyv....e8elnv — jdew. 17. ooov — cdr....apé- 
Sorav. — rapédocav; 18. [rods mapidvras 4] —om.[]. 22. d¥cas pw 
iGelv — divas py’ lidv....otrw — obra. 23. 85 — bou....radray THY — Tal- 
THY....ToLOUTHY ye — ToLovTwy Te. 25. Kal THY warp{Sa —[ ]....é{nplocev 
— €fnulwoé w. 26. ds dhavltev vuvi kplvopar ; — ddavitw, as vurt Kplvo- 
bat. 27. tovottro — roobrov. 29. typraca. — fyurdcal pe....dmoypdapar 
droypdyacba. 36. EvveSévar—ovverdévar. 37. HAeyxov— ereyov, & odros 
éBovnero....dnoAdyouv, & ovTos éBovAcTo — cduoddyouv....papTipav — uap- 
Tupiav. 38. airtdcacar — airiéobae.. 39. torotte—rovrw. 41. d&€Ard- 
Tatos tiv — transpose. FAR YSIS 








TOPICS 


TREATED OF IN THE GENERAL NOTES TO THE SEVERAL 


ORATIONS. 

Page 

Or. XVI. 1. The Civil and Military Constitution of Athens kx 66 
2. Phyle and Demes . - - a - : 61 

3. The Senate . - : ~ . : : ee 

4. The Assembly . : : - < : ; 62 

5. The Aoximacia F : : : 2 - 0263 

6. Syndicus . : - ; s : : 63 

@~ tike--°: : : ‘ 3 ; ; ‘ eS 

8. Martyria . : 3 Cie : ; : 64 

Or. XII. 1. The Archons . : : 2 4 : ; ee i 
2. The Areopagus . : - : . . - 78 

3. Dicast . . : “ 5 . : . ee 

4. Synegorus. : : . ° . ° - 80 

5. Liturgy. . - . . ° : ° ~-8E 

6. Trierarch . = ‘ - : : : : 81 

7. The Choregia : - - : - : Bt: 7 

8. The Eisphora . - - 3 : - - 83 

9. Metcecus : - - : : = : sana: 

10. Sycophant. : : . - > . 84 

1i. Money . : - : . . : : Pies «2: 

12. Athens and Pireus . > ° - - - 85 

Or. XXV. 1. Arbitrators . : - : - - : af vee 


1 

2. The Euthyne . - . - ° : - 122 
3. Atimia . ; : ; : : : : - 122 
4. Apagoge . . : : : : ; : 122 


‘Gar Vil. 2) Grrone : : : ° . : . : a: Ade 
2. Slaves : : . . . : ; ; 138 
3. Ephegesis . “ - ° . ° ° - 1388 


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